Mammalian sexual fate is determined by the presence or absence of sex determining region of the Y chromosome (Sry) in the “bipotential” gonads. Recent studies have demonstrated that both male and female sexual development are induced by distinct and active genetic pathways. Breeding the Y chromosome from Mus m. domesticus poschiavinus (POS) strains into C57BL/6J (B6J) mice (B6J-XYPOS) has been shown to induce sex reversal (75%: bilateral ovary, 25%: true hermaphrodites). However, our B6N-XYPOS mice, which were generated by backcrossing of B6J-XYPOS on an inbred B6N-XX, develop as males (36%: bilateral testis with fertility as well as bilateral ovary (34%), and the remainder develop as true hermaphrodites. Here, we investigated in detail the expressions of essential sex-related genes and histological features in B6N-XYPOS mice from the fetal period to adulthood. The onsets of both Sry and SRY-box 9 (Sox9) expressions as determined spatiotemporally by whole-mount immunohistochemistry in the B6N-XYPOS gonads occurred 2–3 tail somites later than those in B6N-XYB6 gonads, but earlier than those in B6J-XYPOS, respectively. It is possible that such a small difference in timing of the Sry expression underlies testicular development in our B6N-XYPOS. Our study is the first to histologically show the expression and ectopic localization of a female-related gene in the XYPOS testes and a male-related gene in the XYPOS ovaries. The results from these and previous experiments indicate that the interplay between genome variants, epigenetics and developmental gene regulation is crucial for testis development.

Purpose:We aimed to assess functional outcomes and postoperative recurrence rate associated with the remplissage procedure used for bone augmentation with Bankart repair in patients with Hill-Sachs lesions after shoulder dislocation.Methods:Preoperative computed tomography was performed to check for bony Bankart lesions,calculate the bone defect rate, and estimate the risk for re-dislocation. Functional and clinical scores were assessed preoperatively and at three months, six months, and one year postoperatively.Results: Between 2011 and 2014, 18 patients (17 male; age at surgery, 29.0±10.4 years; 18 affected shoulders) underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair with arthroscopic remplissage (remplissage group), and 18 sex- and age-matched controls underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair alone (control group). The incidence of bony Bankart lesion and glenoid bone defect was significantly higher in the remplissage group. No complications, re-dislocation, or re-subluxation was noted during or after the operation. Postoperatively, the range of motion and muscular weakness alleviated with time, and the clinical scores improved significantly from the preoperative values. However, the remplissage group showed significantly restricted shoulder flexion, abduction, internal rotation and external rotation even at one year postoperatively. Compared to the control group, the remplissage group showed significantly lower Rowe scores preoperatively, and both Rowe scores and University of California-Los Angeles scale scores remained significantly lower throughout the one-year follow-up.Conclusion: Despite some restriction of external rotation, remplissage leads to better clinical scores and no recurrence, providing a valid means of augmentation for Bankart repair in high-risk patients with engaged Hill-Sachs lesion.

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Background Very limited data are available on childhood gastric cancer. Using a retrospective survey and literature review, we assessed the clinical features of gastric cancer in children and adolescents. Methods We collected information on childhood gastric cancer from pediatricians of 518 hospitals that issue the title of “certified board pediatrician” approved by Japan Pediatric Society, using a questionnaire on background, diagnosis year, onset symptoms, tumor location, histology, nodular gastritis, Helicobacter pylori testing, treatment, and prognosis. Studies were collected using PubMed and the NPO Japan Medical Abstracts Society database. Data for childhood gastric cancer were abstracted from the Japanese Vital Statistics database. Results Of the 518 hospitals, 349 returned the questionnaire, which identified four patients. Literature review identified 77 cases of gastric cancer, and we analyzed data for 80 children <16 years old. Most patients were >10 years old, and there were no sex differences. Onset symptoms ranged from abdominal pain to non‐localized. Sixteen of 44 children had a family history of cancer; 10 had a family history of gastric cancer. Histologically, approximately 80% had undifferentiated‐type carcinoma. Prognosis was extremely poor, and two of three tested children were positive for H. pylori infection. Childhood gastric cancer death has been declining. Conclusions Childhood gastric cancer is rare in Japan, and information on H. pylori in childhood gastric cancer patients is limited. Declining childhood gastric cancer rates may reflect the decreasing prevalence of infection but further study is necessary to clarify the relationship between H. pylori and gastric cancer.