In the ageing society, sarcopenia, in which muscle strength and motor function decline with age, has attracted attention, and many researchers have investigated different testing and treatment methods. 1-6 Aspiration resulting from reduced swallowing function is a problem in the elderly, and aspiration pneumonia significantly deteriorates the life prognosis and QOL. 7 These disorders associated with reduced swallowing function were dysphagia. As sarcopenia is involved in the onset of dysphagia, 8,9 the relationship between sarcopenia and dysphagia has attracted attention. AbstractBackground: Sarcopenia in the oral region, including the tongue, leads to declined swallowing function and dysphagia. Muscle mass and strength, and motor function in the oral region have not been examined together, and the relationship between generalised and oral sarcopenia remains unclear. Objective(s):The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between generalised sarcopenia and oral sarcopenia in the elderly in order to facilitate the establishment of a method for assessing oral sarcopenia. Methods:A total of 54 elderly persons participated in this study. We examined the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), grip strength (GS) and walking speed (WS) as the index of generalised sarcopenia, and the cross-sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle (CSG), tongue pressure (TP) and oral diadochokinesis (ODK) as the index of oral sarcopenia. Results:We found a moderate correlation between CSG and SMI, a weak correlation between GS and TP, and a moderate correlation between WS and ODK. CSG, TP and ODK were significantly smaller in the sarcopenia group than in the non-sarcopenia group. By multiple regression analysis, SMI and TP were significantly associated with CSG. ODK, BMI and CSG were significantly associated with TP. WS and SMI were significantly associated with ODK.Conclusion: CSG, TP and ODK were confirmed as endpoints of oral sarcopenia. All endpoints of oral sarcopenia were influenced by those of generalised sarcopenia. K E Y W O R D Sgeniohyoid muscle, oral diadochokinesis, oral sarcopenia, sarcopenia, tongue pressure | 637 KOBUCHI et al.

BackgroundThe assessment of masticatory performance (MP) is conducted in hospitals, but is difficult to perform in nursing facilities that lack specialists in dysphagia. To select the appropriate food textures in nursing practice, a simple method of evaluating the MP should be developed.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate motion parameters that influence MP by motion capture analysis of maxillofacial movement on chewing gummy jelly in healthy adults.MethodsThe subjects were 50 healthy adults. The state of chewing gummy jelly was photographed using a high‐speed camera. Simultaneously, we evaluated the amount of glucose extracted (AGE) obtained with gummy jelly as a reference value for MP. The subjects were divided into two groups: normal and low masticatory groups (NG and LG, respectively) based on the AGE. The cycle of mastication was classified into three phases: closing phase (CP), transition phase (TP) and opening phase (OP) through motion capture analysis of the video photographed. Parameters of jaw movement and their associations with the AGE were examined.ResultsThe transition phase rate (TR) and opening phase rate (OR) were correlated with the AGE. Furthermore, the TR in the NG was significantly higher than in the LG, whereas the OR was significantly lower than in the LG. The age, TR and opening velocity were significant independent variables.ConclusionMotion capture technology facilitated the analysis of jaw movement. The results suggested that MP can be evaluated by analysing the TP and OP rates.

Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to clarify the relationships between the risk of malnutrition as a preliminary stage of malnutrition and overall and oral measurements for sarcopenia in older Japanese adults. Methods: Forty-five participants (79.7 ± 6.1 years) were included in the analysis. The nutrition status of the participants was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) and classified into two groups: normal and at risk of malnutrition. Overall measurements for sarcopenia in the present study were the skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength, and walking speed, while oral measurements were the cross-sectional area of the geniohyoid muscle, tongue pressure (TP), and oral diadochokinesis. Results: MNA-SF correlated with TP (r = 0.347, p = 0.019). We observed decreases of 5.7 kPa in TP and 3.9 kg/cm2 in BMI in the at risk of malnutrition group. A multiple regression analysis of parameters contributing to the risk of malnutrition identified TP as an independent variable (β = 0.913, p = 0.042). Conclusions: The present results demonstrate that the risk of malnutrition is associated with TP as an oral measurement for sarcopenia, but not overall measurements for sarcopenia. Therefore, low TP may be related with the risk of malnutrition.

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