Abstract:To assess the risk of lead poisoning among preschool and school-aged children in Bangladesh, 345 children were screened for blood lead levels (BLLs) from one rural and two urban areas in Bangladesh from September 2007 through January 2008. An urban industrial area at Tongi was identified as a disaster area, where 99% (104/105) of those tested had BLLs ≥10 µg/dL. Industrial emissions and use of leaded gasoline by two-stroke engine vehicles were identified as possible sources of lead in that area. A rural nonindustrial area at Chirirbandar, Dinajpur was identified as another high-risk area, where 14% of the children screened had BLLs ≥10 µg/dL. BLLs at the urban industrial area were significantly higher than those at the rural and urban nonindustrial areas (24.58 ± 10.32, 7.24 ± 6.31, and 2.47 ± 3.32 µg/dL, respectively; p <0.001). Weight-for-age z-scores of the urban children were significantly lower than that of the rural children (-1.41 ± 1.88 vs. 0.20 ± 1.16, p <0.001). Children with elevated BLLs had poorer nutritional status (p = 0.05) than those with normal BLLs. Over 90% of the parents did not know that lead causes health problems. In conclusion, the problem of lead poisoning in children was found to be high in both urban and rural Bangladesh. A universal lead screening for preschool and school-aged children and a lead education program for parents are recommended for implementation in Bangladesh.
Summary The concentrations of fat, lactose, protein, casein, T. S., S. N. F. and acidity were determined in the milk from Awassi ewes induced to lactate by administration of estradiol‐progesterone daily for 7 days, followed by dexamethasone on days 18 to 20. The levels of fat and lactose were higher and those of protein and casein were lower in the milk from hormone‐induced lactation than in the control normal lactation. Levels of the other constituents in the milk from hormone‐induced lactation were within the normal range. Hormonal induction of lactation led to a normal lactation in the ewes as far as the quality of the milk is concerned. Zusammenfassung Hormonale Laktationsinduktion bei unträchtigen Awassi‐Schafen II. Milchzusammensetzung In der Milch von Awassi‐Schafen, bei denen durch Behandlung mit einem Oestradiol‐Progesteron‐Gemisch während 7 Tage und Dexamethason am 18. bis 20. Tag des Versuchs eine Laktation ausgelöst worden war, wurden der Säuregrad sowie folgende Bestandteile bestimmt: Fett, Laktose, Proteine, Kasein, Totaltrockensubstanz und fettfreie Trockensubstanz. Die Konzentrationen des Fettes und der Lactose waren höher, diejenigen des Proteins und Kaseins hingegen niedriger in der Milch der hormoninduzierten Laktation als in der Milch normal laktierender Tiere. Die Konzentrationen der übrigen Milchbestandteile der hormoninduzierten Laktation waren normal. Hinsichtlich der Milchqualität zeigte die hormonal induzierte Laktation keine Abnormitäten. Résumé Induction hormonale de lactation chez des brebis Awassi non gestantes II. Composition du lait On a examiné le lait de brebis Awassi chez lesquelles la lactation a été provoquée par un traitement avec un mélange oestradiol‐progestérone durant 7 jours et avec dexamethason du 18e au 20e jour de l'essai. On a déterminé le degré d'acidité, la graisse, le lactose, les protéines, la caséine, la substance sèche totale et la substance sèche sans graisse. Les concentrations de la graisse et du lactose furent plus élevées et celles des protéines et de la caséine par contre plus basses dans le lait de la lactation induite par des hormones que dans le lait d'animaux en lactation normale. Les concentrations des autres composants du lait furent normales chez les animaux à lactation induite. Le lait de la lactation induite n'a pas présenté d'anormalités en ce qui concernait la qualité du lait. Resumen Inducción hormonal de la lactación en ovejas Awassi no gestantes II. Composición de la leche En la leche de ovejas Awassi, en las cuales se había inducido la lactación mediante tratamiento con una mezcla de oestradiol‐progesterona durante 7 días y dexametasona los días 18° hasta 20° de ensayo, se valoraron el grado de acidez y los componentes siguientes: grasa, lactosa, proteénas, caseéna, substancia seca total y substancia seca desengrasada. Las concentraciones de grasa y lactosa eran mayores, mientras que las de proteína y caseína eran menores en la leche de lactación inducida por hormonas que en la leche de animales lactantes normales. Eran normales las concent...
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