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Honey bee is an important agricultural insect as they pollinate more than 90 crops and providing honey and other commercial products. The study of genetic relationships (diversity) is important for the selection of suitable diverse parents to obtain races with disease resistance and desirable traits. Traditionally, honey bee genetic diversity was based entirely on morphological markers. However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -based markers are suitable for an estimation of genetic relationships or diversity in honey bee. Also, protein markers still used as a molecular marker for genetic diversity in honey bee and many other organisms. In addition, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fingerprinting method was efficiently used for studying the genetic diversity but it was not applied with honey bee before.Eleven stocks of Apis mellifera were used to study the genetic fingerprinting at the molecular and biochemical levels. The results of molecular analysis in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) showed that the total number of fragments were 79 with an average number of 7.9 fragments /primer. The polymorphism ranged from 25% to 100% with 11 unique bands. On the other hand, the biochemical analysis revealed that the gene or genes which are responsible for protein synthesis are the same in the eleven stocks. These data would lead to a conclusion that the differences between tolerant and sensitive stocks to mites did not affect the protein concentration in the different stocks. Some colonies showed significant excess of amino acid polymorphism so the concentration of amino acid was affected by tolerant and sensitivity to mites in these colonies.These results led to the possibility of using mtDNA as a reliable and quick method for studying the genetic fingerprints in these stocks, as well as the biochemical levels.

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The present work was carried out in a private apiary located at El-Moullak locality, Abu-Hammad district, Sharkia Governorate, to investigate the performance of Italian and Carniolan honeybee hybrid colonies in drawing out wax foundations and honey production during citrus and clover flow periods of 2014 and 2015 seasons. Summarized results are as follows: based on the two years mean Italian hybrid colonies drew out higher area of wax foundation during clover flow period of 2014 and 2015 seasons, recording 382.5 in 2 vs 315 in 2 recorded for Carniolan hybrid. Italian hybrid colonies proved to be more clover honey producers than Carniolan ones. For instance, Italian colonies produced a mean of 9.93 kg clover honey/colony compared to 8.96 kg honey/Carniolan hybrid colony. However, nearly similar quantity of citrus honey recording 8.65 and 8.59 kg citrus honey/Italian and Carniolan colony, respectively.

The hydraulic jump is a natural phenomenon occurs in steep waterways and behind the heading up structures. The main benefit of the hydraulic jump is dissipating the excessive kinetic energy. Tools such as sill, baffle blocks… etc. are used to maximize the energy loss through the hydraulic jump. In the present study, screens with a constant height and width are located downstream the gate at a constant relative distance and examined under the different conditions of submerged hydraulic jump. Screens with different relative holes area are tested to select the best screen relative area. Screen with relative holes area of 0.285 had a maximum energy loss and shortest length with a minimum tail water depth of the submerged hydraulic jump. The theoretical derived equation of the relative depth of the hydraulic jump had a higher asymmetric scatter with the experimental results around the line of equality; however, an acceptable agreement was present when a correction factor was used.