, to identify the prevalence and etiology of nosocomial infectious diarrhoea among children under 5 years of age. Of 259 children admitted to the paediatric ward for reasons other than diarrhoea and hospitalized for more than 3 days, clinical and laboratory analysis of stool samples showed nosocomial diarrhoea in 84 children (32.4%). The most common causative agents were enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (25.9%), Clostridium difficile (21.0%) and rotavirus (18.5%). Single infectious agents caused 63.1% of the cases, while mixed infections were detected in 16.7%; in 20.2% of children the cause remained unknown.

The S100a7a protein is expressed in keratinocytes, its level is increased in acne condition. As isotretinoin therapy is known to alter some of S100 peptides, these could be important specific targets for acne therapy and may have an important role in clinical remission. A randomized controlled trial was held in a dermatology clinic in Baghdad, where 30 patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris condition aged 16–31 years were enrolled. Five milliliters of venous blood samples were taken before and after 6 weeks of isotretinoin therapeutic trial. A placebo‐control group of 26 acne patients was also enrolled. The S100a7a peptide was measured in both groups using the ELISA technique before and after the trial. High levels of serum S100a7a were found in acne patients of both groups before therapeutic trial. Following the trial, a significant statistical difference (p = .0003) was noticed between mean S100a7a protein level of study and control groups. By comparing the mean S100a7a protein level before and after isotretinoin therapy in the study group, a highly significant statistical difference was also found (p = .001). The current study showed a downregulatory effect of isotretinoin therapy on the S100a7a peptide mean level.

Background: Despite the availability of potent new antimicrobial agents and vaccines, Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) remains a common and serious illness .The microbial etiologies and their resistant patterns vary widely. Frequent, irrational and unnecessary use of antibiotics, changes in environment, changes in lifestyle and increased mobility of the people have contributed to changes in the patterns of microbial profiles and their resistant patterns in the Community. Unfortunately, there have been very few studies done regarding etiology of CAP, prevalence of causative organisms and their resistance pattern in Nepal. Thus it was quite crucial to detect them in our context Methods & Materials: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted over a period of six months (March 2011-August 2011) at Bacteriology laboratory of Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospial (TUTH) among 600 clinically diagnosed CAP patients visiting TUTH-OPD. Sputum samples that met the acceptance criteria of ASM were further processed according to the standard methodology.Results: Bacterial etiologies could be identified only in 25.5% of cases of CAP. Haemophilus influenzae (26.9%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (20.0%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.4%) were the commonest bacterial etiologies, Twenty-six percent of H. influenzae isolates were MDR The prevalence of MDR bacteria in CAP patients was 41.25%. Among gram-negative bacterial isolates, the highest number of MDR was seen in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli and Acinetobacter spp.The prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and MBL producing gramnegative bacteria were 10.1% (more common among Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.6%), 5.8% and 4.3% (more common among Acinetobacter spp(14.29%) respectively.Conclusion: Different bacteria are responsible for CAP in our setting. MDR, ESBL, MBL and AmpC producing bacterial strains are present in our Community also. Thus it has demanded to take special care during treatment of patients with community acquired infections also and also sought for other similar type of extensive studies on large number of community isolates to characterize their genetic relatedness and resistant patterns so that appropriate measures can be applied.

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This is a pilot study, which is intended to represent a basis for future studies pertinent to multidrug-resistant antimicrobial gram-negative (MDR-GNB) bacteria that commonly prevail in Iraqi community and hospital settings.In the present study, we scrutinize the antimicrobial phenotypic resistant patterns of commonly isolated Enterobacteriaceae (i.e., E. coli, E. aerogenes, K. oxytoca, P. mirabilis) from urine, wound samples, and high vaginal swabs in the Iraqi community. One hundred fifty-six (156) urine, genital lesions, and high vaginal swab samples were obtained from a community population in a cross-sectional study held in Baghdad at a private Lab from December 2020 to the end of April 2021. These specimens were isolated and identified according to conventional methods. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were done according to the Kirby-Bauer method, and interpretation of results was made with reference to CLSI Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Gram-negative bacilli were isolated from 80 (about 51%) of genitourinary specimens sent to the laboratory for culture and sensitivity. E. coli and E. aerogenes showed the most frequent bacterial isolate in genitourinary samples (60% and 31.25%, respectively). Complete resistance (i.e. 100%) to Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid and Cefotaxime and high resistance (i.e. 97.5%) to Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, and Ceftazidime by these bacterial strains were observed. Assessment of Enterobacteriaceae antibiotic resistance for both of ß-lactams and Carbapenems showed that 25% of these strains were having resistance to both groups of antibiotics. As a conclusion; Enterobacteriaceae multi-drug resistance reflects potential ESBL, Ampc, and carbapenemase activity in Iraq.