Catalysts have been found which are effective in the isomerization of vegetable oils to conjugated forms. These catalysts include active surface materials such as diatomaceous earth and carbon black, nickel on kieselguhr, and nickel on carbon black. Since these catalysts are neutral, they do not split ester linkages, and no further chemical treatment of the isomerized oil is required. The nickel-on-carbon catalyst is the most effective, particularly when it is prepared by reduction of a suitable nickel salt on Nuchar XXX or Nuchar C-190. When 6 to 8% of reduced catalyst is heated for 6 hours at 170°C. with alkalirefined soybean or linseed oil, 30 to 34% conjugation is obtained. A sample of catalyst may be used to isomerize five to ten hatches of oil before its activity is lost. The treated oils dry in substantially less time than the untreated, and the water and alkali resistances of their films are appreciably improved. A process is proposed for conjugating vegetable oils by the nickel-on-carbon catalyst.

SummaryA process for dehydrating castor oil continuously has been presented. The method consists essentially of exposing the oil in a thin film under the vacuum to temperatures between 310° and 350°C. for short periods of time in the presence of a dilute sulfuric acid catalyst. The relationship between various operational conditions and the physical constants of the oil produced has been determined. In addition, the oils were compared with several representative commercial oils.

Geometric Configurations of Ricinoleic and Ricinelaidic Acids 2253 (200 ml. in all) of ethyl ether. The combined ether extracts were fractionated (final temperature 230°). Since no principal fraction boiling at 126°, the boiling point of «-amyl mercaptan, was found, the combined distillate was extracted with sodium hydroxide, the alkali solution then acidified and extracted with ether. The ether was evaporated and the residual foul-smelling liquid treated with 2,4dinitrochlorobenzene, which produced a few crystals of the «-amyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl thioether melting at 80-81 °(recorded10 value 80 °). The material left after extraction with alkali was treated with picric acid in hot alcoholic solution. A few yellow crystals melting from 268-273 °were obtained. Had the amyl group been substituted in the indented position, the product should have been naphthalene picrate, melting at 149-150°. Several experiments using decalin showed that the above process would give good yields of naphthalene and naphthalene picrate. SummaryA series of studies on the reaction of amyl-(10) Bost, Turner and Norton, This Journal, 54, 1986 (1932. sodium with bicyclic compounds showed that metalation occurred readily in a considerable number of places. The positions of attack were shown by examination of the products of carbonation.The end-products from naphthalene were both mono-carboxylic acids, at least three dicarboxylic acids, and some tricarboxylic acid.Acenaphthene was attacked readily; the only product which could be isolated was a dicarboxylic acid, either 1,6-or probably 1,5. Decalin was attacked very easily and a considerable variety of products was formed. A small amount of the dianhydride of a tetracarboxylic acid was separated. The tertiary hydrogen atom in decalin may be attacked but does not appear to be a favored position.Cambridge, Mass.

Summary Anthraquinone and its derivatives have been found to be effective catalysts for the isomerization of drying and semi‐drying oils to conjugated forms. A possible mechanism to account for the catalytic activity of these materials has been proposed. Possible commerical application of the isomerization of oils with anthraquinone was briefly discussed.

SynopsisA new group of photocrosslinkable polyesters formed by the Knoevenagel reaction is described. The approach permits preparation of photoesensitive polymers, where physical properties can be potentially vaned through choice of the polyol and the dicarboxylic acid.(1) products from a Knoevenagel reaction of poly(trimethylo1propane azelate cyanoacetate) with benzaldehyde, furaldehyde, and 2-ethylbutyraldehyde and ( 2 ) products from a Knoevenagel reaction of poly( 1,3-propyl malonate) with benzaldehyde, pmethoxybenzaldehyde, and Zethylbutyraldehyde. Conventional unsaturated polyesters such as poly( 1,3-propyl fumarate) and poly(l13-propyl maleate) were prepared and used for comparison.The following compounds were prepared and studied: