Applanation tonometry is widely performed as the most accurate method of measuring intraocular pressure in the clinical setting. Disposable tonometer heads reduce the risk of transmitting infection during applanation and eliminate tonometer head cleaning, which is time-consuming. We performed a study to investigate whether the Tonojet disposable tonometer (Luneau, France) gave comparable intraocular pressure measurements to the standard Goldmann tonometer produced by Haag Streit (Switzerland). The study was performed in a busy general secondary referral ophthalmology clinic in Beaumont Hospital over a 15-day period. We measured intraocular pressure with the Goldmann and Tonojet tonometers in 293 eyes. Patients were randomised as to which tonometer was used first. A diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension was noted. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured. The measurements taken with the Tonojet were on average 2.2 mmHg lower than corresponding measurements taken with the Goldmann applanation tonometer head. The bias was present over the entire range of pressures. The 95 % limits of agreement between the two tonometers ranged from -5.9 to +1.4 mmHg. In the cohort of eyes with ocular hypertension/glaucoma the difference was significantly higher (2.8 vs. 2.1 mmHg). The bias was independent of CCT. We found that the Tonojet disposable tonometer tends to underestimate intraocular pressure compared with the Goldmann. The bias is non-systematic, present over the entire range of pressures and independent of corneal thickness. We conclude that the Tonojet is not sufficiently accurate to constitute a suitable alternative to the Goldmann.

Non recognition of any of the three colors is known as color blindness. Color blindness is the commonly used term for deficiency of color vision. Word color blindness is a misnomer as anyone labeled as it, is extremely rare to be totally color blind hence more correctly called color vision deficiencies (CVD). Color vision is a function of three types of cone pigments present in retina. The incidence of Color vision deficiency is common in medical profession and affects the diagnosis and treatment of patients but still it remains the most neglected aspect of vision. Color is very important sign used in medical profession, but there is no effective screening for Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) at any level of medical profession. The present study was undertaken to find out CVD in medical students of Government medical college Srinagar. Material and Method: A total of 300 medical students (MBBS, BDS, NURSING) including 154 males and 146 females between 18-20 years of age were examined for CVD in Medical College using Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates. After taking history on structured proforma the students were shown Ishihara’s test plates under day light at normal reading distance. Results: Among 154 males, 11 were color deficient (7.14%), and among 146 females, 1 (0.68%) had color vision deficiency. Deutranomalia (41.6%) was the most common type of CVD followed by Protanomalia (25%) then Protanopia (16.7%) and Deutranopia (16.7%), respectively. Conclusions: With this high incidence of color vision deficiency, students with CVD may feel difficulty in day-today practice in medical field. So, screening for CVD in medical students at the time of admission is very important which may help in early management of CVD and with timely counseling proper adaptive strategies can be adopted.

Background: Objective of the study was to explore the effects of letrozole (LE) in combination with low-dose intramuscular injection of human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) on the ovulation induction and pregnancy of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Methods: The study comprised of 150 couples who were randomly divided into two groups of 75 each. Group “A” received letrozole (LE) in a dose of 2.5 mg to 5mg /d. LE was started orally starting on 3rd to 5th day of menstrual cycle for 5 consecutive days. Group “B” received letrozole in a dose of 2.5 to 5 mg/day starting on the 3rd to 5th day of menstrual cycle for 5 consecutive days. Starting from the day of oral administration of letrozole, 75 IU HMG was injected intramuscularly on alternate days for 5 consecutive doses. The ovulation induction parameters and pregnancy outcomes were observed.Results: The Group A (LE group) had the most completed cycle (310 cycles), 157 (52.3%) of which had ovulation. The Group B (LE+HMG) group completed the fewest cycles (258 cycles), with 168 (65.1%) of them ovulating. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). On HCG injection day, both the endometrial thickness (11.5±1.2) and number of mature follicles (2.1±1.3) of the Group B were significantly higher than those of Group A (P<0.001), but the follicle diameters were similar (P>0.05) The pregnancy rate of the Group B was 54.7%, which was significantly higher than that of the Group A (29.3 %) (P<0.05) The average medication cycle of the Group B group was significantly shorter than that of the Group A (P<0.05).Conclusions: The regimen using LE in combination with low-dose intramuscular injection of HMG has satisfactory therapeutic effects on ovulation induction, short medication cycle and high clinical pregnancy rate, which is promising for treating patients with PCOS infertility.

In this study, the concentrations of some blood biochemical constituents were determined in a group of 12 stabled and 12 naturally grazing camels. All animals have been subjected to careful clinical and laboratory examinations to ensure their healthy status. A significant variation was observed in serum glucose (P<0.01) concentration and in serum uric acid concentration (P<0.05), between the blood of the two groups. The stabled animals obtained the highest glucose concentration while the grazing animals obtained higher uric acid value than the stabled group. No significant variation was observed in the mean values of total protein, albumin, urea, uric acid, total bilirubin, creatinine, ALT, AST or ALP. The values obtained in this study were compared with the findings reported by other workers in camels.