Non recognition of any of the three colors is known as color blindness. Color blindness is the commonly used term for deficiency of color vision. Word color blindness is a misnomer as anyone labeled as it, is extremely rare to be totally color blind hence more correctly called color vision deficiencies (CVD). Color vision is a function of three types of cone pigments present in retina. The incidence of Color vision deficiency is common in medical profession and affects the diagnosis and treatment of patients but still it remains the most neglected aspect of vision. Color is very important sign used in medical profession, but there is no effective screening for Color Vision Deficiency (CVD) at any level of medical profession. The present study was undertaken to find out CVD in medical students of Government medical college Srinagar. Material and Method: A total of 300 medical students (MBBS, BDS, NURSING) including 154 males and 146 females between 18-20 years of age were examined for CVD in Medical College using Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates. After taking history on structured proforma the students were shown Ishihara’s test plates under day light at normal reading distance. Results: Among 154 males, 11 were color deficient (7.14%), and among 146 females, 1 (0.68%) had color vision deficiency. Deutranomalia (41.6%) was the most common type of CVD followed by Protanomalia (25%) then Protanopia (16.7%) and Deutranopia (16.7%), respectively. Conclusions: With this high incidence of color vision deficiency, students with CVD may feel difficulty in day-today practice in medical field. So, screening for CVD in medical students at the time of admission is very important which may help in early management of CVD and with timely counseling proper adaptive strategies can be adopted.

Background/objectives: Physical inactivity is a primary risk factor for global mortality and a large percentage of population are sedentary. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a self-reported mechanism for measuring physical activity and inactivity. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to measure the reliability and validity of the short IPAQ-U among Pakistani adults. Methods: The study sample includes Pakistani male and female adults aged between 18 and 65 Years (M + SD 31.71 + 10.30), who were regular participating for the last six months in various physical activity and exercise. The total 386 participants were asked to complete the Urdu version of IPAQ short (male 60.6%, n = 234, and female 39.4%, n= 152). Results: The value of Spearman's coefficients correlation for Vigorous-intensity was showed good value of test-retest reliability and significantly correlated (male = 0.72), (female = 0.80), and (total sample = 0.73). While, moderate intensity was also significantly correlated (male = 0.69), (female = 0.76), and (total sample = 0.71). Walking significantly correlated (male = 0.56), (female = 0.82 (total sample = 0.59). Physical activity overall was significantly correlated (male = 0.74), (female = 0.42), (age 18-34 Years = 0.86), (age 35-50 Years = 0.78), (age 51-65 Years = 0.85) and (total sample = 0.90). Conclusion: In this population, the short IPAQ-U established acceptable instrument, the reliability and validity of the IPAQ-U was significant. While there were some limitations of the study regarding test-retest reliability and in classification, the IPAQ-U was a suitable tool for measuring level of physical activity.

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ABSTRACT:Background: Evaluation of blood groups, bleeding and clotting time are the most important and initial hematological parameters done routinely and especially before any surgical procedure. Researches indicate that various gastrointestinal diseases like ulcers, cancers, UTIs, cardiovascular disorder , diabetes mellitus as well as thrombosis, epistaxis etc. are associated with ABO blood group system. Hemostatic parameters like BT and CT also vary in different blood groups. KEY WORDS ; blood grouping, clotting time, bleeding time. Materials and methods: The available data of 400 students of 1st year of mbbs, bds and para medical courses was analyzed in every required aspects i.e. sex, age, ABO and Rh blood groups, bleeding and clotting times. The standard antisera (A, B, & D) was used to determine the blood group, Duke's Method and Capillary tube method were used to find out bleeding and clotting time respectively. Finally, all the parameters were compared and analyzed statistically. Results: Blood group B (44.5%) was the most common blood group in both genders followed by O (30.5%), A (21%), and AB (4%). Bleeding time was found to be prolonged >4 min in maximum number of group O (53%) followed by group A (26.4%), group B (14.2%), and then group AB(6.1%) but the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.00005). Similarly clotting time was >6 min in group O(54.5%) followed by group B=A(18.1%), group least in AB (9%), but the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.19). Gender-wise bleeding time was more prolonged in females (67.3%) than males (32.6%) but the difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.07), similarly clotting time too was prolonged more in females (81%)than males (18.2%) but again the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Conclusion : In our study, blood group B predominated followed by O, A, and AB. Bleeding time was prolonged >4 min in blood group O followed by A,B, and AB whereas clotting time was prolonged >6 min in blood group O followed by A=B and then AB. Gender-wise bleeding and clotting time were higher in females than males. Various blood related disorders, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases are associated with blood groups, so people can take preventive measures according to their blood groups.

Introduction: Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involved in energy metabolism and regulation of the cardiovascular system. Autonomic dysfunction has been suggested to occur in obese individuals in both adults and children but a comprehensive study of the autonomic status in young adults is scant. So aim of the study was to evaluate and compare cardiovascular autonomic functions in young adults on the basis of BMI. Material and methods: 150 healthy young students of MMU aged 18-25 years, divided into four groups based on BMI as per Asian criteria (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese). Various autonomic function tests done were Lying to Standing test, Valsalva manoeuvre, Hand grip test (HGT) and Cold pressor test (CPT). Results:The mean baseline SBP and DBP were significantly higher in obese subjects followed by overweight, normal weight and under weight. No parasympathetic alteration between different BMI groups was seen. Mean values of resting SBP and DBP were significantly higher and blood pressure response to HGT and CPT was significantly lower in obese as compared to normal weight subjects. Conclusion:Our study revealed an altered autonomic function in the form of impaired sympathetic activity with no parasympathetic modulation in obese young adults. So weight reduction and moderate intensity aerobic exercise programmes should be incorporated into daily living, which may delay or prevent the onset of hypertension.