Groundwater is an important natural resource serving as a reliable source for drinking as well irrigation purposes worldwide. This study was aimed to evaluate the hydrochemistry of groundwater in southern Haryana. An assessment of measured physico-chemical parameters of 64 samples sites have shown that groundwater is contaminated by higher concentrations of HCO3, Na, Mg, and SO4 beyond the permissible limit of BIS standards. Water quality index (WQI) result indicates that 45.31% area has poor and very poor quality of water for drinking purposes. Irrigation groundwater suitability for the study area has been evaluated with various methods such as EC, SAR, RSC, SP, KR, MH, PI, Piper-trilinear diagram and USSL diagram. Among these parameters, SAR, RSC and PI, water samples fall in excellent and safe water quality, while SP, KR and MH imply to unsuitable and unsafe for irrigation. Piper diagram indicates that the water chemistry is dominated by Sodium and Potassium (Na+K) type, followed by mixed type. According to the USSL classification more than 85% of the samples fall under C3S1, C3S2, C4S1, C4S2 classes of irrigation water indicating very high salinity which is alarming considering the use of this water for irrigation.
Community-based natural resource management in northeast India has a long history. Indigenous knowledge and adaptation are the collective information, with improvement from generation to generation. The expectation is that under community control, local expertise on biodiversity will play a significant role in natural resource management through traditional practices. This paper discusses the characteristics and application of the traditional ecological knowledge of aboriginal peoples in northeast India and its role in natural resource management. Examples are provided in two different eco-cultural landscapes, i.e., Demazong (the Buddhist eco-cultural landscape in Sikkim Himalaya) and the Apatani eco-cultural landscape in Arunachal Pradesh, which illustrate the utility value of traditional ecological knowledge in sustainable natural resource management. Both eco-cultural landscapes are indeed very complex and highly evolved systems with high levels of economic and ecological efficiencies. The paper concludes that traditional ecological knowledge systems and institutions could serve as entry points into the sustainable utilization and management of natural resources. This could be achieved through the exploration of the cultural practices of the local people and integrating useful aspects into the modern natural resource management expertise. With rapidly depleting biodiversity in the developing tropic regions, there is a greater utilization today than ever before of the value of respecting the "Sacred" as a tool towards better conservation of natural resources.
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