Candida albicans, a polymorphic opportunistic pathogen of humans, can exist in different morphological forms like yeast, hyphae, pseudohyphae, chlamydospores and white and opaque cells. Proteomic analysis of opaque form of C. albicans ATCC 10231 is carried out in the present study using micro-LC-MS/MS and validated using expression analysis of selected genes using RT-qPCR and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay. This is the first report identifying opaque cell-specific proteins of C. albicans. A total of 188 proteins were significantly modulated under opaque form compared to white cells, of which 110 were up-regulated, and 78 were down-regulated. It was observed that oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and oxidative stress are enhanced in C. albicans cells growing under opaque form as proteins involved in OxPhos (Atp1, Atp3, Atp16, Atp7, Cox6, Nuc2, Qcr7 and Sdh12) and oxidative stress response (Gcs1, Gtt11, Gpx2, Sod1, Ccp1 and Lys7) were significantly up-regulated. The maximum up-regulation of 23.16 and 13.93-fold is observed in the case of Ccp1 and Nuc2, respectively. The down-regulation of proteins viz. Als1, Csh1, Sap9 and Rho1 determining cell surface chemistry indicates modulation in cell wall integrity and reduced adhesion of opaque cells compared to white cells. This study is significant as it is the first draft of the proteomic profile of opaque cells that suggests enhanced OxPhos, oxidative stress, and modulation in cell surface chemistry that indicates reduced adhesion and cell wall integrity that could be associated with reduced virulence in opaque form. However, a deeper investigation is needed to explore it further.

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In this paper, we consider impulsive integro-differential equations in Banach space and we establish the bound on the difference between two approximate solutions. We also discuss nearness and convergence of solutions of the problem under consideration. The impulsive integral inequality of Grownwall type is used to obtain results. Mathematical Subject Classification