Heat-mass exchange dynamics forecasting in fires in typical multistorey buildings allows to prove the need and determine organizational and technical solutions parameters aimed to increasing such buildings residents safe evacuation probability, which is an urgent problem according to statistics on the deceased persons number of this population category as a result of fires. On the numerical studies results basis, the characteristic time changes regularities of critically dangerous fire factors for humans are established; the most dangerous factor according to the people safe evacuation possibility from these buildings is the optical smoke concentration level. A method for determining the critical smoke time for safe evacuation has been proposed. It is proposed to equip mass construction 5–9 storey apartment buildings with early fire detection and warning systems.
Показана актуальность проблемы безопасной эвакуации людей из типовых жилых многоквартирных зданий секционного типа малой и средней этажности, которые в соответствии с действующими нормативными требованиями не оснащены техническими средствами обнаружения пожара и оповещения об этом жильцов, не оборудованы системами активной противодымной вентиляции и не имеют эффективных конструктивных эвакуационных решений. На основе современных программных комплексов проведены численные экспериментальные исследования по оценке влияния на параметры эвакуации людей динамики (степени интенсивности) развития тепломассообменных процессов горения и соответствующей скорости нарастания при пожаре опасных для жизнеспособности человека факторов. Рассчитаны интервалы времени, которыми располагают жильцы для осуществления безопасной и своевременной эвакуации, в зависимости от характерных величин пожарной нагрузки типовых жилых помещений. С учётом полученных результатов предложены к внедрению практические мероприятия, направленные на повышение безопасности людей при пожарах в жилых многоквартирных зданиях.
The urgency of people safe evacuation problem from small and medium storeys typical residential sectional type multi-apartment buildings, which in accordance with current regulatory requirements are not equipped with technical means of fire detection and notification of residents, are not equipped with active smoke ventilation systems and do not have effective structural evacuation solutions is shown. Based on modern software systems, numerical experimental studies were conducted to assess the dynamics impact (intensity rate impact) of heat and mass exchange combustion processes on the people evacuation parameters and the corresponding rate of increase dangerous factors for human viability in fire. The time intervals available to residents for safe and timely evacuation are calculated, depending on the typical residential premises fire load characteristic quantity. Taking into account the results obtained, practical measures aimed at improving the people safety in fires in residential multi-apartment buildings are proposed for implementation.
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