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The incidence of nosocomial yeast infections has increased markedly in recent decades, especially among the elderly. The present study was therefore initiated not only to determine the predictive value of oral colonization by yeasts for the onset of a nosocomial Candida infection in elderly hospitalized patients (>65 years), but also to clarify the factors that promote infection and to establish a relationship between the intensity of oral carriage and the onset of yeast infection. During this prospective cohort study, 256 patients (156 women and 100 men with a mean age of 83±8 years) were surveyed for yeast colonization or infection. Samples were collected every 4 days from day 0 to day 16 from four sites in the mouth, and intrinsic and extrinsic factors that might promote infection were recorded for each patient. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was performed on Candida albicans isolates from all infected patients. Poor nutritional status was observed in 81 % of the patients and hyposalivation in 41 %. The colonization level was 67 % on day 0 (59 % C. albicans) and a heavy carriage of yeasts (>50 c.f.u.) was observed for 51 % of the patients. The incidence of nosocomial colonization reached 6?9 % on day 4 (6?1 % on day 8 and 2?7 % on day 12), and that of nosocomial infection was 3?7 % on day 4 (6?8 % on day 8, 11?3 % on day 12 and 19?2 % on day 16). Of the 35 patients infected, 57 % were suffering from oral candidiasis. The principal risk factors for colonization were a dental prosthesis, poor oral hygiene and the use of antibiotics. The risk factors for infection, in addition to those already mentioned for colonization, were endocrine disease, poor nutritional status, prolonged hospitalization and high colony counts. Genotyping revealed person-to-person transmission in two patients. Thus, this study demonstrates a significant association between oral colonization and the onset of yeast infections in elderly hospitalized patients. Therefore, oral samples should be collected at admission and antifungal treatment should be administered in cases of colonization, especially in patients presenting a heavy carriage of yeasts. Genotyping of the strains confirmed the possibility of person-to-person transmission.

This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a functional restoration program on important outcome measures, such as sick leave, in a country that has a social system that protects people facing difficulties at work.

Aims: (1) To evaluate an active method of surveillance of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). (2) To compare different criteria for deciding whether or not a work situation could be considered at high risk of MSDs in a large, modern shoe factory. Methods: A total of 253 blue collar workers were interviewed and examined by the same physician in 1996; 191 of them were re-examined in 1997. Risk factors of MSDs were assessed for each worker by standardised job site work analysis. Prevalence and incidence rates of carpal tunnel syndrome, rotator cuff syndrome, and tension neck syndrome were calculated for each of the nine main types of work situation. Different criteria used to assess situations with high risk of MSDs were compared. Results: On the basis of prevalence data, three types of work situation were detected to be at high risk of MSDs: cutting, sewing, and assembly preparation. The three types of work situations identified on the basis of incidence data (sewing preparation, mechanised assembling, and finishing) were different from those identified by prevalence data. At least one recognised risk factor for MSDs was identified for all groups of work situations. The ergonomic risk could be considered as serious for the four types of work situation having the highest ergonomic scores (sewing, assembly preparation, pasting, and cutting). Conclusion:The results of the health surveillance method depend largely on the definition of the criteria used to define the risk of MSDs. The criteria based on incidence data are more valid than those based on prevalence data. Health and risk factor surveillance must be combined to predict the risk of MSDs in the company. However, exposure assessment plays a greater role in determining the priorities for ergonomic intervention. W ork related upper limb musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders which include peripheral nerve entrapments, muscle disorders, tendinitis and tenosynovitis, and vascular disorders. The work environment and performance of work contribute significantly to the development of such disorders.1 2 As in other industrial countries, workers' compensation (WC) claims for WMSDs in France are increasing in a wide range of occupational groups.3 As the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is high in the shoe industry, a surveillance programme for MSDs was implemented to identify and reduce work related risk factors in a large shoe factory.Surveillance is defined as the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health and exposure data in the process of describing and monitoring a health event.2 The main objective of the surveillance of MSDs is to determine the need for action and to plan, implement and evaluate ergonomic intervention and programmes.2 4 Different systems are available for routine analysis of health and exposure to risk factors. Passive surveillance using WC and sickness data is easy to implement, even in small sized industries.2 4-6 Active surveillance involves a workplace specific system to ident...

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