Butylammonium chloride crystals annealed by slowly scanning through the phase transitions many times have been shown to exhibit a simple thermogram, having a single phase transition at 241 K (Tt,.) on heating from ca. 100 K up to the melting temperature T, (487 K). Another additional thermal treatment was made on the annealed crystals, then measurements of 'H NMR spin-lattice relaxation times T , , T , , and the second moment M, were measured over t h e s a m e temperature range. These results showed that the cationic axial reorientation mainly contributes to 'H T , around room temperature, while the cationic self-diffusion plays an important role in t h e high-temperature range near T , . AC electrical conductivity measurements on single crystals revealed that ionic conduction takes place in t h e 2D layers of the room-temperature phase (rotator phase) which have a lamellartype double-layer structure. The observed T , and T l p data were explained well by applying the theory of 20 diffusion by MacGillivray and Sholl in the low vacancy concentration limit. The average jump times for the

H N.m.r. measurements and differential thermal analyses have been performed on solid propylammonium chloride and bromide, including their N-deuterated analogues. X-Ray powder diffraction and electrical conductivity were measured for the highest-temperature solid phase of NH,(n-C,H,)Cl. The corresponding highest-temperature solid phase of the bromide was determined. These salts have three solid phases below the respective melting temperature. In the highest-temperature phase, having a structure consisting of cation and anion layers, it was found for the chloride that the cations perform self-diffusion in two-dimensional layers. A non-linear log TI us. T1 curve observed in the room-temperature phase of propylammonium chloride and bromide could be well explained by assuming a non-Arrhenius type thermal process for the random reorientation of the cation along the cationic chain axis. The broad Tl minimum of NH,(n-C,H,)Br observed in its low-temperature phase has been assigned to two closely spaced Tl minima due to the C, reorientation of the CH, and NH; groups. Motional parameters for the above cationic motions in the three phases of the present salts have been evaluated, and the features of these motions are discussed.Hydrogen-1 N.M.R. of Solid Propylammonium Chloride and Bromide motions in the high-temperature phase, where a more disordered structure is possibly realized in consequence. To obtain detailed information about the dynamical behaviour of the cation in crystals of NH,(n-C,H,)Cl and NH,(n-C,H,)Br over a wide temperature range, the present investigation has been undertaken by examining lH n.m.r., differential thermal analysis (d.t.a.), X-ray powder diffraction and electrical conductivity. ExperimentalCrystals of NH,(n-C,H,)Cl and NH,(n-C,H,)Br were prepared by neutralizing an aqueous solution of propylamine with hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, respectively, and gradually evaporating water. The crystals thus obtained were recrystallized twice from an ethanol-diethyl ether mixture. Colourless thin plates were obtained for both salts. Partially deuterated analogues, ND,(n-C,H,)Cl and ND,(n-C,H,)Br were prepared by performing repeated crystallizations of purified NH,(n-C,H,)Cl and NH,(n-C,H,)Br, respectively, from heavy water.'H N.m.r. absorptions4 and d.t.a.5 measurements were carried out using apparatus already reported. The 'H n.m.r. spin-lattice relaxation time TI was measured at the Larmor frequencies of 10.5, 20.0 and 45.5 MHz using pulsed n.m.r. spectrometers described elsewhere.'. The 'H spin-lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame Tlp was measured at 32 MHz for NH,(n-C,H,)Cl under a spin-locking radio frequency magnetic field of 3.7 G.8 The a.c. electrical conductivity of NH,(n-C,H,)Cl was determined at various temperatures using a previously reported homemade apparatusg operating at 1 kHz. The sample pellets were prepared by pressing pulverized crystals. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of NH,(n-C,H,)Cl were recorded at ca. 400 and 420 K employing a Shimadzu model VD-1 A diffractometer...

Cell manipulations and cell surgeries are key techniques in biotechnology today. Micro/nanorobots integrated on a microfluidic chip (on-chip robot) are a promising technology for cell manipulations and cell surgeries because of their operator skill independency and robustness for external environments. These features enable high-throughput cell manipulations and cell surgeries on a microfluidic chip. However, it is difficult to apply previous on-chip robots for small cells of order ≈ 10μm because the manipulation or surgery probes of those robots are a few micrometers in size. This size has been restricted by their fabrication, employing a standard mask lithography process. We fabricated on-chip robots of nanometer size by femtosecond laser exposure (nanorobots). The processing resolutions were 270 nm (linewidth) and 600 nm (thickness). Furthermore, our fabrication technique enabled the nanorobot to have a hybrid structure integrating functional nanomaterials (hybrid nanorobot). By integrating the various functional nanomaterials on the nanorobot, we can create a new function for the nanorobot. In this study, we fabricated a hybrid nanorobot with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of high photothermal efficiency. We demonstrated a single-cell puncture with this nanorobot by irradiating the CNTs with an infrared laser and generating heat at that point. Additionally, we demonstrated an optical manipulation of the nanorobot that makes it possible to perform a cell puncture with high spatial flexibility and high positioning accuracy.

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We developed fabrication and manipulation of hybrid nanorobos by 3D nano exposure and optical tweezers. Hybrid nanorobot is composed of photoresist and silicon nanowire. The robot is fabricated by femtosecond laser exposure and is connected by a micropillar on the glass substrate. The robot is released by cut of the pillar by ablation with femtosecond laser. The released robot is manipulated by holographic optical tweezers. The robot can be used for nano thermal sensor by impregnating the temperature indicator in the robot using the silicon nanowire which has high thermal conductivity. In this paper, we demonstrated fabrication, on-demand release, and manipulation of the robot in a solution. We also demonstrated the basic evaluation of the robot as thermal sensor.