A system for providing ultrafast transverse flow in a flashlamp-pumped liquid organic dye laser is described. The effect of flow rate on laser output energy is discussed, and a degradation effect is noted which worsens as the flow rate increases. Degradation is attributed to the formation of scattering centers in the lasing medium during the flow cycle.
This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. Abstract The potential for utilizing polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters to provide high performance bits has been recognized by the drilling industry. New bit designs suitable for geothermal drilling are being developed based on the results of single cutter laboratory tests and analytical analyses. A new bonding technique for attaching the cutters to the bit body has been developed. Bits using this new technique have been built and tested with promising results. Introduction Drilling for geothermal resources is an extremely expensive procedure, due in part to the low penetration rates obtainable with conventional drilling bits in these hard formations. Bits utilizing PDC cutters have the potential for increasing penetration rate. potential for increasing penetration rate. The Department of Energy, through Sandia Laboratories, is performing research and development directed toward reducing the cost of drilling and completing geothermal wells. Under this program, Sandia Laboratories conducts both in-house research and external research at a number of industrial firms. As part of this program, the design of bits part of this program, the design of bits utilizing PDC cutters has received attention, both at Sandia and at the General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center. These activities have proceeded from single cutter tests to the design and testing of full-scale PDC bits. Recently, bit designs using a full face configuration of PDC cutters have been tested in the laboratory and under field conditions in a geothermal well. In addition, a hybrid bit design utilizing PDC cutters with a conventional roller cone has also been tested with encouraging results in the Panhandle Lime formations in Texas. This paper describes the results of single cutter tests, the bit design philosophy, the bonding process for attaching the cutters to the bit body, and the results of laboratory and field tests of these new bit designs. SINGLE-CUTTER TESTS A comprehensive series of cutting experiments utilizing single PDC cutters has been performed by Hibbs, et al. The PDC cutters were bonded to tungsten carbide tool posts for the tests. Resultant forces on the cutter were measured for a range of rake angles from -5 degrees to -30 degrees. Marble, granite, and sandstone rocks were used. The compressive strengths of these rocks ranged from 10,000 to 50,000 psi. The results of these experiments, performed under atmospheric conditions, were used to design full-scale bits and to predict the horsepower requirements and penetration rates for the full-scale bits, The bits designed by GE were 8-3/4" in diameter and utilized a rake angle of 015 degrees. The bits are designed such that each cutter experienced equal horsepower during rotation of the bit. These bits were fabricated and tested in the drilling laboratory at Tulsa University. The results indicated that the bit performance at atmospheric pressure could be predicted with a reasonable degree of accuracy using the results of the single cutter experiments. During the testing, however, some cutters were lost because of a failure in the bond between the cutters and the tungsten carbide tool posts. These tests indicated the need to develop a reliable attachment technique in order to properly utilize the PDC cutters in high performance bit design. The cutters on these bits were attached using a conventional low-temperature brazing technique.
SPE Members Abstract This paper describes a drilling data acquisition and telemetry system that is currently in use in the U.S. Gulf Coast. The system provides for the real time monitoring of up to 20 drilling rigs. Drilling data are acquired at the rig site and transmitted into a central office onshore over microwave or satellite telemetry links. The data acquisition units are advanced computer mud logging units that are capable of recording over 200 surface parameters relating to the drilling system. The data parameters are displayed in the central data facility in real time on graphic displays. The data parameters are subsequently analyzed in the office and used for providing safer rig operations through backup providing safer rig operations through backup surveillance, improving rig management practices and for performing interpretive data processing using performing interpretive data processing using drilling engineering models. Drilling costs have been reduced by using this system. For example, the monitoring of connection times has led to a time savings of up to 1-1/2 days/month/rig. The paper will describe the processing and handling of the data in the central office facility. The cost savings thus far quantified will be explained. Introduction In the late 70's and early 1980's, Gulf of Mexico drilling costs were increasing rapidly with corresponding decreases in efficiency. Tenneco, a major Gulf of Mexico operator, made the decision to develop an extensive drilling data base to improve drilling efficiency and thereby improve- the cost effectiveness of their yearly drilling budget. The real time data system was the principle tool selected to meet this goal. Tenneco has over 124 producing platforms in federal waters in the Gulf of Mexico and operates 6-12 drilling rigs year-round. The data supplied by the real time system aids in providing a safe and efficient drilling operation in the Gulf of Mexico. The system has proven to be cost effective on a per rig basis. Data obtained from the system have been used for real time applications, office support functions, and performance evaluation. The system is capable of handling up to 20 rigs and was developed by NL Baroid Logging Systems (BLS). The initial start up of the computer system was in September 1983. APPROACH The ability to gather data from a large number of wells across the Gulf of Mexico has generated a ussable, multipurpose data base. Detailed analysis and comparisons can be performed in the areas of rig time utilization, rig performance, drilling parameters, tripping, cementing, circulation and related parameters, tripping, cementing, circulation and related rig activities. In addition, the data base provides vast information for detailed drilling studies and the verification of the models resulting from these studies. Acquiring drilling data at the Well site can be done through many different methods.' For this real time system, it was decided to utilize available computerized manned mud lodging units, thereby negating the need to develop a new drilling data gathering system. Microwave communications are typically used to transmit data from the rig to a Central Site Data Center (CSDC) for processing, storage, and display. The CSDC is located in Tenneco's Offshore Division office in Lafayette, Louisiana. The data are displayed on printouts, plots, CRT, displays and graphics for use by plots, CRT, displays and graphics for use by drilling engineers and geologists. An example of how data is transferred is shown in Figure 1. Data is initially obtained at the rig through various drilling sensors. The sensor reading is transmitted via an electrical signal to the computerized mud logging unit. Currently, eight mud logging vendors have adapted their software to interface with the real time system. The current system transmits up to 352 parameters every 15 seconds on a 24 hour/day basis. Some of the commonly used drilling parameters are shown in Figure 2. parameters are shown in Figure 2. Real time data can be archived on a foot by foot basis or on selected time intervals, depending on operation. Whereas in the past, drilling data recorded with the conventional mud log was normally archived on a five foot basis. The advantage of this one foot spacing is that it allows more detailed analysis of drilling trends and situations, i.e. torque, ROP, etc. P. 589
Nesther the Unmd Stales Governrnonl nor any agency thereof nor any Of ?hell emoloyeei. makesany This document presents a long-range plan for the development of new technology that will reduce the cost of drilling and completing geothermal wells. The role of this program in relation to the total Federal Geothermal Energy Program is defined and specific program goals are identified. Then, the current status of the program, initiated in FY 1978, is presented, and research and development activities p l a n n e d t h r o u g h 1987 a r e d e s c r i b e d .
A deep drill hole into a magma-hydrothermal system would provide access to the third dimension needed to understand processes in the earth's crust and to resolve the ambiguities in existing models derived from two-dimensional, surface geoscience studies. Magma-hydrothermal systems are of interest for basic understanding of heat and mass transport in the earth's crust, for evaluation of geothermal energy resources, an understanding of mineral deposition processes and for assessment of such hazards as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and waste disposal.
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