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The aim of this study was to examine clinical outcomes, psychiatric comorbidity and neuropsychological characteristics in Turkish adolescents with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis in childhood. A total of 45 children with ADHD diagnosis and 28 children with a psychiatric diagnosis other than ADHD in a 1-year cohort of 7-10-year-olds were reevaluated 6 years later using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime version and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and Stroop Test TBAG version. This study shows that the clinical outcomes and the comorbidity patterns for ADHD from childhood to adolescence in Turkey are similar to reported rates in the Western countries. In the ADHD group, 75.6 % still has impairing ADHD symptoms and 46.6 % has comorbid psychiatric disorders. The main difference is anxiety disorders being the most common comorbid disorders (37.8 %) in Turkish ADHD youth. These findings stress the high comorbidity associated with ADHD and support the importance of assessment and treatment for ADHD and comorbidities during adolescence.

Cognitive and behavioral impairment in mild hyperphenylalaninemia. Turk J Pediatr 2018; 60: 617-624.As elevated phenylalanine (Phe) is detrimental to brain functions, determining a safe upper limit of blood Phe is important for initiation of treatment plans and setting Phe targets in hyperphenlalaninemic patients. It is accepted that Phe levels below 360 μmol/L does not impair brain function and hence does not require treatment. Therefore, we aimed to compare cognitive functions and attention-related problems among healthy children and untreated patients with hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA). This study included 41 hyperphenylalaninemic patients ("all HPA group") aged 6-16 years with untreated blood Phe between 240 and 600 μmol/L and 29 healthy controls. "All HPA group" was further divided into 2 subgroups according to their lifetime median blood Phe levels as "Phe 360-600 μmol/L" and "Phe 240-360 μmol/L" groups. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV), Conners' Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) were performed as a comprehensive neurocognitive, attention and behavioral assessment. The study illustrated that "all HPA" patients had significantly lower scores on all WISC-IV indexes compared to controls, except for Working Memory. Both "Phe 360-600 μmol/L" and "Phe 240-360 μmol/L" subgroups had lower Full Scale intelligence quotient (IQ) and Verbal Comprehension scores compared to controls. "All HPA" patients also had longer reaction times and more peer problems than controls, indicating attention deficits and behavioral problems. Since the results demonstrated that children with untreated Phe levels between 240-360 μmol/L are at higher risk for cognitive and attention-related problems, lowering the "safe" upper Phe level should be considered.

ÖzetÇocuğa karşı yapılan cinsel istismara yönelik ilginin yanında, duygusal ve fiziksel istismarın önemiyle de ilgili farkındalık gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Çocuğa verilen duygusal ve fiziksel zararın hem kısa dönemde hem de uzun dönemde ciddi düzeydeki psikolojik sorunlara yol açabildiği belirtilmektedir. Bununla birlikte özellikle gelişmekte olan toplumlarda kullanılan geleneksel disiplin yöntemlerinin duygusal ve fiziksel açıdan zarar verici, zaman zaman istismar niteliği taşıyan davranışları içerdiği bilinmektedir. Ebeveynin stres düzeyi disiplin yöntemleriyle ilgili seçimini belirler ve dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu gibi psikopatolojiler ebeveynlerin stres düzeyini arttırdığı fiziksel-duygusal istismar açısından risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu yazıda dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu olan çocukların fiziksel ve duygusal istismara uğrama yönünden ne ölçüde risk altında oldukları ve sözü geçen şiddet içerikli disiplin yöntemlerinden ne yönde etkilendikleri ile ilgili yazın gözden geçirilmiştir.Anahtar sözcükler: Çocuk istismarı, dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu, risk. AbstractAwareness about child physical and emotional abuse -as well as sexual abuse-is increasing day by day. It is stated that the physical or emotional harm given to a child can result in serious psychological problems both in short and long terms. In addition to this, it is known that, the traditional discipline styles, especially applied in developing countries, can be physically and emotionally harmful and sometimes abusive. The stress level of the parent determines the parent's choice of discipline style and psychopathologies such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder seem to be riskfull for physical and emotional abuse because they increase the stress level of parents. This paper will review the literature related to the probability of exposure to physically or emotionally abusive discipline styles for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and also the literarture related to the consequences of these abusive discipline styles on these children.