Background: The emerging trends of multidrug resistance among several groups of microorganisms against different classes of antibiotics led different researchers to develop efficient drugs from plant sources to counter multidrug resistant strains. This study investigated different solvent extracts of Prosopis spicigera (P. Spicigera), Zingiber officinale, and Trachyspermum ammi (T. ammi) to determine their efficacy against multidrug resistant microbes. Methodology: Successive extractions of these plants were performed using a Soxhlet apparatus, using solvents with increasing polarities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was also performed .Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by a two-fold serial dilution method followed by determination of minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Escherichia coli and reference strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus bovis were used in the study. Results: The ethanolic fraction of P. spicigera (least minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] -4.88 µg/ml) demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of the microorganisms while fractions obtained from those of Zingiber officinale (least MIC-78.125 µg/ml) exhibited little activity. The petroleum ether fraction of T. ammi (least MIC-625 µg/ml) showed best activity when compared to its other fractions. Qualitative analysis of the phytoconstituents was also performed. Conclusions: The potency shown by these extracts recommends their use against multidrug resistant microorganisms. This study also showed that P. spicigera could be a potential source of new antimicrobial agents.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the e}ect of phosphorus "P# on the vegetative and reproductive growth of black nightshade "Solanum ni`rum L[#[ Single superphosphate was applied at 9\ 9[04\ 9[29\ 9[34\ 9[59 and 9[64 g P:pot containing 2[4 kg of soil[ Seeds were sown directly in pots and plant samples were taken at fortnightly intervals for recording growth and yield par! ameters[ In addition\ the solasodine content in fruit and N\ P and K levels in leaves were also estimated[ Most parameters were signi_cantly in~uenced by P\ with 9[34 g:pot generally proving optimal[ The data also estab! lished that the berries should be harvested between 059 and 089 days "days after sowing#\ preferably at 064 days for maximum fruit yield and solasodine production[ Most parameters showed consistent and positive correlations with leaf P content[ Interestingly\ the correlation between leaf P content at 39 days and solasodine yield at 064 days was highly signi_cant "r 9[777#\ implying that the former is predictive of the latter[ Thus\ if low leaf P content was noted at 39 days corrective measures like foliar application or top dressing may be adopted to increase the leaf P content to ensure maximum solasodine at harvest[

No abstract

Die hohere berechnete Ulkonzentration in der Vollmiscella ergibt sich aus der vom Rechner durchgefuhrten Massenbilanz durch die hoch angesetzte Beladung des Schrots mit Hexan am Feststoffaustritt des Extrakteurs. Eine Berechnung der tatsachlichen Hexankonzentration im Schrotausgehend von den genau bekannten Massenstromen und den gemessenen Ulkonzentrationenergibt 38 Gew.-"/a, wahrend das Simulationsmodell auf Grund einer im Labor an einem relativ kleinen Rohr gemessenen Hexanabtropfkurve von einer Hexankonzentration im Schrot von 43 Gew.-O/o ausgegangen ist. Die Unterschiede in den Ulkonzentrationen am Ausgang der Stufenpumpen 1 his 4 ergeben sich hauptsachlich durch Unterschiede zwischen Wirklichkeit und Rechnung im Miscellainhalt der Zellen beim Oberschreiten der Auffangkammergrenzen. B y M . A s i f , S. H . A f a q , M . T a r i q and A . R. M a s o o d i " The fixed oil derived from the berries of Myrtus communis L. [family Myrtaceae) contain the following acids: lauric 1.4 "/a, myristic 1.1 o/o, palmitic 23.0 O/o, stearic 2.8 O/o, oleic 14.3 O / o , linoleic 47.6 O/a, and linolenic 8.9 o/o.

A pot experiment was conducted on Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) to study the effect of urea nitrogen and select the optimum dose required for its vegetative and reproductive growth, leaf NPK content, yield of fruit and fruit solasodine. Urea was applied at 0.0, 0.45, 0.90, 1.35, 1.80 and 2.25 g N per pot which contained 3.5 kg soil. Seeds were sown directly in pots and plant samples were drawn at fortnightly intervals for recording growth and yield parameters. In addition, solasodine content in fruit and N, P and K in leaves were also estimated. The results showed that all the parameters were influenced by N. In general, N at 1.80 g per pot was optimal.