Changes in the expression profiles of specific proteins leads to serious human diseases, including colitis. The proteomic changes related to colitis and the differential expression between tuberculous (TC) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in colon tissue from colitis patients has not been defined. We therefore performed a proteomic analysis of human TC and UC mucosal tissue. Total protein was obtained from the colon mucosal tissue of normal, TC, and UC patients, and resolved by 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The results were analyzed with PDQuest using silver staining. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF) to identify proteins differentially expressed in TC and UC. Of the over 1,000 proteins isolated, three in TC tissue and two in UC tissue displayed altered expression when compared to normal tissue. Moreover, two proteins were differentially expressed in a comparative analysis between TC and UC. These were identified as mutant β-actin, α-enolase and Charcot-Leyden crystal protein. In particular, the expression of α-enolase was significantly greater in TC compared with normal tissue, but decreased in comparison to UC, implying that α-enolase may represent a biomarker for differential diagnosis of TC and UC. This study therefore provides a valuable resource for the molecular and diagnostic analysis of human colitis.

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Background Most of studies have reported a dysbiosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) using readily accessible stool samples. However, the faecal samples might not fully represent mucosa-associated microbiome. We hypothesised that luminal contents including loosely adherent luminal bacteria after bowel preparation may be suitable for diagnosing the dysbiosis of UC. Methods Sixteen patients with UC (9 men and 7 women, mean age: 52.13 ± 14.09 years) and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals (8 men and 7 women, mean age: 50.93 ± 14.11 years) participated in the study. The subjects donated faecal samples before colonoscopy and received luminal contents aspiration and endoscopic biopsy during the colonoscopy. The composition of each microbiome samples was analysed by 16S rRNA-based nest-generation sequencing. Results Microbiome of stool, luminal contents and biopsy was significantly different from each other in alpha diversity and beta diversity. However, another analysis showed a correlation between the stool and luminal contents in Procrustes test (p = 0.001) and Mantel test (p = 0.0001). Stool microbiome in patients with UC was different from stool microbiome in healthy control. Microbiome of luminal contents microbiome and biopsy samples in patients with UC were not different from that of healthy control. Stool and lavage predicted UC in accuracy of AUC 0.85 and 0.81, respectively Conclusion Microbiome of stool, luminal contents and biopsy were significantly different from each other. Further studies would be needed to know optimal sampling of intestinal dysbiosis.