This experimental were conducted out at plant tissue culture lab., Center of Desert studies to test the effect of four concentrations of Acridine Orange viz., 0, 10, 50 and 100mM L−1 under four levels of salinity viz., 0, 30, 60 and 90 mM NaCl L−1 on some phenological traits including: leaves number, branches number, plant length and fresh weight. Membrane stability index and electrolytic leakage also were in vitro measured. The experiment was factorial and arranged in a complete randomized design (CRD) with five replicates. Results revealed that 50 mML−1 of Acridine orange gave highest leaves number of 14.67 leaves explant−1, branches number of 3.75 branches explants−1, plant length of 1.48cm and fresh weight of 0.71g. whereas, 10 mM L−1 membrane stability index of 76.63. Furthermore, 30 mML−1 possesses highest leaves number of 11.75 leaves explants−1, branches number of 2.83 branch explant−1, plant length of 1.29cm and fresh weight of 0.58g. The highest level of salinity (90 mM) gave highest of electrolyte of 69.07.It could concluded that 50 m mol l−1 of acridine orange was the best concentration to promote growth of strawberry in vitro. Moreover, Plantlets were more tolerant to 30 m mol L−1 of Nacl in vitro.

There is increased attention from specialists toward producing natural compounds from plant tissues through the combined use of elicitors. The present study investigated the effects of melatonin treatment in normal and drought stress conditions for sustainable production of biomass and secondary antioxidant metabolites in a Hyoscyamus pusillus four-month-old callus cultures. For this purpose, we used multiple concentrations of melatonin (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg l−1) to assess its ability to improve growth, physiological, and biochemical properties of H. pusillus. There was two drought stress levels (0 and 30 g l−1) of polyethylene glycol (PEG). It was harvested in 28 days. The results showed a significant decrease with an increase in the concentration of PEG treatment in growth and physiological traits compared to the results of those samples when treated with melatonin. Results showed an increase in oxidative stress in tissue treated with PEG due to a significant increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The decreased oxidative stress was associated with an increased antioxidant enzyme activity superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the samples was treated by melatonin, which resulted in increased membrane stability index (MSI) and enhanced growth traits under the PEG treatment compared to the control. By reducing the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POX), moisture tightening increased the production of phenolic compounds (PC) and flavonoid compounds (FC) in callus cultures, and high concentrations of melatonin were combined with them to improve their production. Therefore, it can be asserted that a moderate treatment with melatonin is more suitable under water stress conditions to produce secondary compounds from H. pusillus.

This experiment was conducted to study the influence of cobalt concentrations on the production of seven flavonoid compounds in callus derived from Plantago psyllium L. and Plantago major L. Results showed that the best combination of 2,4-D and  kinetin concentrations add to Muroshige and Skoog medium to obtain the highest fresh weight of 541.0 mg was 3.0 and 1.0 mg.L-1 respectively. psyllium stimulated callus produced the highest fresh weight of 365.7 mg. The addition of 75 ppm of cobalt resulted in a significantly lower fresh weight of P. psyllium callus (139.8 mg). The interaction between Plantago species and cobalt concentrations was significant. The callus inducted from P. major had significant increases of the scutallarein, apigenin, nepetin and luteolin compounds with 26.40, 22.64, 14.93 and 26.20 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. The production of the hispidulin compound was increased in P. psyllium at 29.40 µg.100mg-1 dry weight. Also, the addition of cobalt metal stimulated the production of flavonoids at 50 ppm cobalt producing the highest amounts of hispidulin and luteolin at 40.30 and 41.60 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. Meanwhile, 75 ppm cobalt treatment produced the highest amount of scutallarein, apigenin, nepetin and aucubin at 25.61, 23.25, 15.90 and 13.70 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, respectively. The callus inducted from P. major treated with 50 ppm of cobalt showed the highest production of scutallarein, apigenin and luteolin at 30.33, 32.26 and 51.90 µg.100mg-1 dry weight respectively. Baicalein reached 16.46 µg.100mg-1 dry weight, at 75 ppm of cobalt metal treatment in callus inducted from P. psyllium.

The study included the application of microbial techniques to convert sesbanin and soybean seed powder into indole bio-compounds by using 3 bacterial isolates: Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus.megaterium obtained from the microbiology laboratories at the Center for Desert Studies. Peptone 1%, Then it was used alone, in pairs, or in combination to produce the indole butric acid (IBA) growth regulator compounds, using a medium containing locally prepared materials that included the dry powder of soybean seeds and sesbanin seeds. It also tested the ability of isolates to dissolve phosphate compounds and produce iron-chelating compounds. The results showed the ability of B. megaterium A. chroococcum isolates together to produce indole compounds at a rate of 182.3 mg L-1 when using a mixture of sesbanin seed powder and soybeans. The highest product rate of bio-indole compounds was 67.9 mg L−1 with the use of a mixture of soybean seed powder and sesbanin medium.While the highest product rate reached 103.33 mg L−1 by using the two isolates mixture of B. megaterium and A. chroococcum together. Also, P. putida, B. megateriumand, A. chroococcum isolates were found are able to produce iron-chelating compounds (+++, ++, ++) according to the sequence. These isolates B. megaterium, P. putida and A. chroococcum were found ability to dissolve phosphate compounds with average dissolving diameter of 10.43, 29.9 and 29.6 mm, respectively. The ability of the Bio-IBA growth regulator product was tested with or without cells isolates compared to industrial IBA at concentrations of 300 and 600 mg L-1 to influence some growth cutting of Bougainvillea spectabilis L. The results showed a significant effect on some growth characteristics such as germination percentage, number and area of leaves per plant, branch length and number of branches of the plant.

Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is recognized as a healthy food in many countries because it is nutrient-rich crop. The objectives of this study was to investigate  the succesful farming for buckwheat plants in the Iraqi environmental conditions, extraction and estimation of the most important nutritional and medicinal compounds from seeds plant and it᾽s effectiveness in the inhibition of lipids peroxidation which considered to be the causative agent of the free radicals formation in vivo.The hexane and methanolic extraction gave many compounds from buckwheat seeds. NMR were used to determine many of the natural compounds for buckwheat plants seeds after many steps of the purification processes, using many solutions and mobile phases including: Linoleic acid, Triglyceride, Stearic acid, Ferulic acid, Flavonoid glycoside and Flavon glycoside. Compounds Linolieic acid, Ferulic acid, Flavonoid glycoside and Flavon glycoside showed activity values of 0.285, 0.362, 0.356 and 0.442 respectively at 250 µg/mL concentration in the MTT assay and inhibited LPO by  58, 73, 93 and 76% respectively at 250 µg/mL concentration. It is clear that buckwheat have strong antioxidant and lipid Peroxidation inhibitory. nd