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The novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) is spreading, as the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease-19 . It has infected more than 1.65 billion people all over the world since it was discovered and reported 3.43 million deaths by mid of May 2021. SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell by binding to viral surface glycoprotein (S protein) with human ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme2). Spike protein (contains S1 and S2 sub-domains) molecular interaction with the host cells is considered as a major step in the viral entry and disease initiation and progression and this identifies spike protein as a promising therapeutic target against antiviral drugs. Currently, there are no efficient antiviral drugs for the prevention of COVID-19 infection. In this study, we have analyzed global 8719 spike protein sequences from patients infected with SAR-CoV-2. These SAR-CoV-2 genome sequences were downloaded from the GISAID database. By using an open reading frame (ORF) tool we have identified the spike protein sequence. With these, all spike protein amino acid sequences are subjected to multiple sequence alignment (MSA) with Wuhan strain spike protein sequence as a query sequence, and it shows all SAR-CoV strain spike proteins are 99.8% identical. In the mutational analysis, we found 639 mutations in the spike protein sequence of SARS-CoV-2 and identified/highlighted 20 common mutations L5F,

BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are flavonoids that are potential antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐obesity, and anti‐carcinogenic nutraceutical ingredients. However, low chemical stability and low bioavailability limit the use of anthocyanins in food. Nanoencapsulation using biopolymers is a recent successful strategy for stabilization of anthocyanins. This study reports the development, characterization, and antioxidant activity of black carrot anthocyanin‐loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ACNPs). RESULTS The ionic gelation technique yielded the ACNPs. The mean hydrodynamic diameter d and polydispersity index PDI of chitosan nanoparticles and ACNPs were found to be d = 455 nm and PDI = 0.542 respectively for chitosan nanoparticles and d = 274 nm and PDI = 0.376 respectively for ACNPs. The size distribution was bimodal. The surface topography revealed that the ACNPs are spherical and display a coacervate structure. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed physicochemical interactions of anthocyanins with chitosan. The loading process could achieve an encapsulation efficiency of 70%. The flow behavior index η of encapsulated ACNPs samples revealed Newtonian and shear thickening characteristics. There was a marginal reduction in the in vitro antioxidant potential of anthocyanins after nanoencapsulation, as evidenced from 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) assays. Interestingly, the in vivo antioxidant potential of anthocyanins improved following nanoencapsulation, as observed in the serum antioxidant assays. CONCLUSION The optimized nanoencapsulation process resulted in spherical nanoparticles with appreciable encapsulation efficiency. The nanoencapsulation process improved the in vivo antioxidant activity of anthocyanins, indicating enhanced stability and bioavailability. The promising antioxidant activity of the ACNPs suggests a potential for utilization as a nutraceutical supplement. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), Cinnamonum tamala (Bay leaf), Cinnamonum cassia (Cinnamon bark) are well known plants in India. All three plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites that find use as antimicrobial agent, in pharmaceutical industry, cosmetics, food and agriculture industry. In regards of antimicrobial activity, green silver nanoparticles were synthesised by using these plants aqueous extract (25%w/v). For silver nanoparticle synthesis different concentration of plant extract were mixed with AgNO3 solution and exposed to sunlight and estimated by the UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Powdered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were dissolved in autoclaved distilled water at different concentration (20mg/ml, 10mg/ml, 5mg/ml, and 2.5mg/ml) and performed antimicrobial activity through agar well diffusion method. Silver nanoparticles of all three plants were showed antimicrobial activity against human bacterial pathogen Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The inhibition zone increased with increasing concentration of all three plants (S. aromaticum, C. tamala and C. cassia) AgNPs, so maximum inhibition zone was observed at 20mg/ml for both pathogens. At higher concentration, the inhibition zone of E. coli were 2.25 ±0.05, 1.7 ±0.1 and 1.85 ±0.05 cm in presence of S. aromaticum, C. tamala and C. cassia AgNPs respectively. Although, The presence of phytochemical terpenoids, tannin and glycosides are was confirmed by the chemical reagent test. In modern era, the nanoparticle based medicine is explored in pharmaceutical and medical science. Therefore this green synthesis of silver nanoparticle can be explored in pharmaceutical science.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 83PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonellafoenum-graecum used in 29 and 27 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.