The aim of this study was to examine whether sheep can adapt to emotional stress evoked by individual isolation from the flock. The experiments were performed on 12 sheep divided into 2 groups; the control (kept in the sheepfold) and the experimental group in which sheep were isolated 3 times for 5 h at 3-day intervals, The plasma concentration of cortisol and glucose served as indicators of stress. It was found that during 3 consecutive isolations the cortisol level rose on average 3-fold above the initial value during the first to third hours of isolation. The calculated mean integrated response (J cortisol) showed a gradual increase in its level in 3 consecutive isolations (122.3 k 30.6, 189.4 k 18.9 and 277.9 f 39.2 nmol/l/5 h). The concentration of glucose increased at 3 and 5 h after starting the experiment on average by 1 .O to 1.8 mmol/l. However, the mean integrated response of glucose was almost the same in all 3 isolations. The results show that in sheep no adaptation occurred to repeated isolation stress and, in contrast to glucose level, the plasma cortisol concentration seems to be a valuable index of adaptation to emotional stress.

With data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), the authors probe the link between parental and second‐generation divorce. They investigate whether parental divorce and offspring's subsequent marital behavior are related to mental outlook. Existing literature maintains that children who experience parental divorce are more likely to divorce than their counterparts, yet explanations for this pattern remain contested. Drawing from Reuben Hill's classic ABCX model, the authors derive an analytical model that includes personal as opposed to interpersonal aspects of family crises. Only one factor produces mediating effects. Parental divorce depresses offspring self‐satisfaction as opposed to their marital commitment, which subsequently leads to greater odds of their divorce and marital unhappiness. These results suggest the utility of mental outlook in future analytical models and lend continuing support to the viability of Reuben Hill's perspective for disentangling the complexities of family behaviors.