We present a reliable, rapid, and economical multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism (APLP) method for analyzing the haplogroup-diagnostic mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) in East Asian populations. By examining only 36 haplogroup-specific mtSNPs in the coding region by using four 9-multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent electrophoresis, we could safely assign 1815 individuals from 8 populations of Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and Germans to 45 relevant haplogroups. This multiplex APLP analysis of coding-region mtSNPs for haplogrouping is especially useful not only for molecular phylogenetic studies but also for large-scale association studies due to its rapid and economical nature. This is the first panel of mtSNPs in the coding region to be used for haplogrouping of East Asian populations.
A simple, extractive heptafluoro-n-butyrylation with Extrelut columns was devised to simultaneously measure methamphetamine (MAMP), amphetamine (AMP), 4-hydroxymethamphetamine (HMAMP), and 4-hydroxyamphetamine (HAMP) in biological materials by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using 4-methoxymethamphetamine-d5 as the internal standard. Human urine, human whole blood, and porcine skeletal muscle spiked with the stimulant standards were used for evaluating the method. After deproteinization and adjustment of the pH to 12.6, the sample was applied to an Extrelut column. Using the present method, AMP, MAMP, and HMAMP could be determined in an actual forensic case study.
A number of mutations in coding and noncoding regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have previously been studied. In the present study, we simultaneously typed six mutation sites in the coding region by use of amplified product-length polymorphism (APLP) analysis. The mtDNA variations of 2471 individuals from 20 populations of Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and German were examined and classified into 18 haplotypes. Two of these haplotypes, B1 (estimated ancestral haplotype) and C1, were distributed among all populations tested. However, the haplotypes A1, A2, B2, B3, and C2 were mostly restricted to the Mongoloid populations, whereas haplotypes B5 and C5 appeared almost exclusively in the German population. Phylogenetic analysis by the neighbor-joining method revealed that the Japanese populations were more closely related to each other than to the other East Asian populations surveyed. The multiplex APLP method is suitable for large-scale screening studies of mtDNA variability because it is both rapid and economical.
Enantiomerically pure (R)-and (S)-(methylenecyclopropyl)carbinol was synthesized in a one-pot operation by the reaction of methylenetriphenylphosphane with (R)-and (S)-epichlorohydrin followed by the addition of paraformaldehyde (23 and 18 % yield). The yields of this compound were improved by the following two-step reaction. The reaction of methylenetriphenylphosphorane with epichlorohydrin afforded the corresponding (3,4-epoxybutyl)triphenylphosphonium iodide in 83% yield. This phosphonium salt further reacted with NaH followed by the addition of paraformaldehyde to give enantiomerically pure (methylenecyclopropyl)carbinol in 71 % yield. The present method affords the short-step synthesis of (methylenecyclopropyl)carbinol compared with the known methods.Numerous studies of the reactions of Wittig reagents with epoxides have been published during the last thirty years.* 1 Recently, we reported the general preparation of enantiomerically pure (3-hydroxyalkyl)triphenylphosphonium salts2 and Liu et al.3 4*and Baldwin et al* reported the total synthesis of (methylenecyclopropyl)acetic acid (1), which is known to be the cause of Jamaican Vomiting Sickness. The key intermediate in the synthesis of 1 is enantiomerically pure methylenecyclopropylcarbinol (2).
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