Phenol has been traditionally used in dental treatment as a sedative for the pulp or as disinfectant for carious cavity and root canal. However, phenol is regarded as a mutagenic and carcinogenic agent and its use in dental practice is now therefore restricted. Monochlorophenols are derivatives of phenol, which are still used clinically as root canal disinfectants, they are even more active antiseptics/disinfectants than phenol, and the so-called Walkhoff (ChKM) solution makes use of monochlorophenol for root canal disinfection. Ingredients in the ChKM solution are the monochlorophenol compound 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), camphor, and menthol. In literature, the use of the ChKM solution is controversial because of a possible DNA toxicity of the ingredient 4-CP. However, it is unknown whether ChKM can really induce DNA damage in human oral cells. In this study, the induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by ChKM and monochlorophenol compounds (2-chlorophenol, 2-CP; 3-chlorophenol, 3-CP; and 4-chlorophenol, 4-CP) was tested in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). DNA DSBs (foci) induced in HGFs unexposed and exposed to monochlorophenols or ChKM solution were investigated using the γ-H2AX DNA focus assay, which is a direct marker for DSBs. DSBs result in the ATM-dependent phosphorylation of the histone H2AX. When cells were exposed to medium or medium + DMSO (1 %) (negative controls), an average of 3 foci per cell were found. In positive control cells (H₂O₂ + medium, or H₂O₂ + medium + DMSO (1 %), an average of 35 foci each were found. About 20 DSB foci per cell were found, when HGFs were exposed to 2-CP (4 mM), 3-CP (2.3 mM), 4-CP (2.1 mM), or ChKM (corresponding to 1.5 mM 4-CP). Our results show increasing DNA toxicities in the order of 2-CP < 3-CP < 4-CP < ChKM solution. An additive DNA toxicity was found for 4-CP in combination with camphor in the ChKM solution, compared to the 4-CP alone. No significant differences regarding multi-foci cells (cells that contain more than 40 foci) were found when HGFs were exposed to the EC₅₀ concentrations (given in parenthesis) of ChKM (1.5 mM), 4-CP (2.1 mM), or 2-CP (4 mM). Significantly fewer multi-foci cells were found when HGFs were exposed to the EC₅₀ concentration (given in parenthesis) of 3-CP (2.3 mM), compared to the EC₅₀ concentrations of ChKM, 4-CP, or 2-CP. Monochlorophenol compounds and/or ChKM solution can induce DSBs in primary human oral (cavity) cells, which underscores their genotoxic capacity.
Zusammenfassung: Gegenstand und Ziel: Vergleich zweier kommerziell erhältlicher Plasma-Gewinnungssysteme, die nach dem Sedimentationsprinzip arbeiten, hinsichtlich Qualität des gewonnenen Plasmas und Funktionalität bezogen auf die Tierart Pferd. Material und Methoden: Folgende Gewinnungssysteme wurden verglichen: System 1 (S1): Baxter Fenwal®, Maurepas, Frankreich, System 2 (S2): „Plasma Collection Kit“, Arnolds, Shropshire UK. Die Blutentnahme wurde in zufälliger Reihenfolge bei denselben fünf Warmblutpferden durchgeführt. Im Anschluss erfolgte die Herstellung von Plasma. Festgehalten wurden die Dauer der Blutentnahme, das Gewicht des gewonnenen Plasmas sowie Erythrozytenverunreinigung und Bakteriengehalt des Plasmas. Weitere Vergleichsparameter waren Kosten und Anwenderfreundlichkeit. Ergebnisse: Methodisch bedingt ergab sich für System 1 eine kürzere Dauer der Blutentnahme sowie eine geringere Menge gewonnenen Plasmas. Der Erythrozytengehalt betrug 0,11 ± 0,02 T/l für System 1 und 0,18 ± 0,04 T/l für System 2. In einer der mit System 1 gewonnenen Plasmaproben ließ sich ein geringgradiger Keimgehalt nachweisen. Schlussfolgerung: Beide Systeme eignen sich grundsätzlich zur Gewinnung von Plasma. Klinische Relevanz: Die relativ kurze Entnahmedauer bei Verwendung von System 1 führt zu einer guten Duldung durch die Pferde. Allerdings ist das maximal erhältliche Plasmavolumen pro Entnahmevorgang verglichen mit System 2 deutlich geringer.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.