The aim of this article was to develop scientific activity in Russian universities. Using the survey method, a sample of quantitative indicators of research output for the years 2011–2019 was formed. The respondents were comprised of 934 lecturers from 13 universities in Russia with different work experience, academic degrees, and indicators of scientific activity. The main components method was used to study the structure of scientific activity productivity indicators. Using the method of additive convolution, a five-factor integral model of the structure of scientific activity of a teacher was formed to evaluate the individual and collective productivity of scientific activity. The factor values and the integral indicator of scientific activity output were calculated, showing that the individual growth rates of the young lecturers’ output exceeded the growth rates of the older lecturers. Destructive factors relating to the scientific activity output of the lecturers and researchers in Russian universities (divided into two groups of young scientists and senior scientists) were determined and systematized based on the level of dominant influence. The features of the influence of the factor of emotional burnout on the scientific productivity of university teachers were revealed.

The article deals with the pressing issues of the growing significance of time as a fundamental factor in the economy development and the competitive behavior of firms. It proposes a conceptual approach to the time phenomenon analysis, in which, based on a synergetic paradigm, the temporal dimension of economy is viewed as a special projection (context), which allows studying its temporal characteristics, as well as functions of time acting as a system-forming phenomenon. The paper, in line with the developed approach, reveals the role of time as a unique instrument to measure the growth of productivity of innovative activities and to regulate allocation of resources in the economy. It is concluded that the level of gross domestic product (GDP) production per time unit reflects the performance of human resources and describes the value of time as a system parameter. At the same time the cost of production becomes a monetary form of manifesting the consumption of aggregate (macroeconomic) time, and the market price becomes the monetary value of the amount of macro-economic time, which a buyer is ready to spend on purchasing a product based on an available income. It is proved that the main source of income exceeding the normal level is innovation, which helps increase the productivity, save time and create Schumpeterian and Kirznerian rents. It shows the role of time as a coordinator of the rhythms of changes in industrial and technological, organizational and institutional, cultural and value connections. It considers the issues of changes in the temporal paradigm of development of entrepreneurial firms' competitive advantages, as well as of strategic management with a focus on time as a competitive factor.

The aim of the study is to identify the role of the People's Republic of China in the activities of the organisation, based on the Chinese vision of its role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation as one of the ideological and philosophical leaders that determine its focus and ideology. In particular, China implements the principle of polycentrism in Eurasia and interstate partnership and promotes the idea of state-regulated economic globalisation. The methodology of this scientific research is based on the analytical method of studying the issues related to the topic of the scientific research. China proceeds from the concept of ensuring full sovereignty by the member states of the organisation, but against the backdrop of low development rates of national economies (up to 2-2.5%) and lack of awareness by countries of their national interests in the region, Chinese business will strengthen its expansion, relying on both the World Trade Organisation rules and using protectionist measures by absorbing ineffective business entities. China is guided by the principles of noninterference in the internal affairs of other states, while maintaining its socio-political model based on the fusion of the communist ideology and the traditional philosophical doctrines of China and the mentality of the country's population, excluding the democracy export policy, denying the desire for undivided hegemony and to rule the world community. This is confirmed by the main key elements of the People's Republic of China's foreign policy, determined by the Chinese leadership.

The article considers reflexive governance of import substitution mechanism in clusters. Specifics of import substitution in clusters have been revealed. It is assumed that effective use of reflexive governance will allow one to optimize the interaction of economic entities in a region on the basis of the allocating a priority economic cluster which will lead to an increase in the social and economic efficiency of the regions of Russia and will help to bridge the gap between the development of regions. Commodity Distribution and Wholesale Market Situation Research Institute for the Study of in the Market.

Country brand support programs are instruments of open protectionism, which results from unilateral sanctions by foreign countries or acts as a mechanism for direct government support of national producers, creating positive perception by customers abroad and promoting goods and services to foreign markets. However, the long-term preservation of protectionist measures in the national economy leads to the loss of competitiveness by producers and the national economy as a whole. Therefore, it becomes relevant to study the programs of several states in the context of the development of national production and exports, and search for approaches to shaping a comprehensive program of government support for the country brands, which correspond to the main fair competition features in the global economy based on agreements within the WTO. This study is aimed at identifying the feasibility of transforming the "Made in Russia" initiative into a comprehensive country brand government support program. The methodological tools of the studied problem are based on expert and mutual assessments, the Delphi method, mathematical statistics, and graphical modeling. The expert assessment method was used to substantiate the expediency of protectionism for domestic producers to preserve quality and environmental friendliness of exportoriented products in the current conditions that contribute to cultivating the country's positive image. A cause-and-effect diagram (the socalled Fishbone Diagram) developed on the basis of the K. Ishikawa model made it possible to identify the main causes and conditions for shaping a comprehensive program for the country brand government support.