This study aims to determine Effectiveness Of Dragon Scale Leaves (Pyrrosia piloselloides (L.) M. G. Price) As An Antipyretic In Male Marmut (Cavia porcellus) induced with 5% peptone. This study used 15 male guinea pigs which were divided into V groups. roup I was given negative control (Na. CMC 1% w/v), groups II, III and IV were given dragon scales leaf extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg and group V was given a positive control. (Paracetamol). previously induced with 5% peptone subcutan. measurements of body temperature rectally were carried out every 30 minutes, survived 4 hours. The results showed that the administration of dragon scales leaf extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg of body weight gave an antipyretic effect against male guinea pigs and the most optimal effect is obtained at a dose of 750 mg/kgBW which is 129,05% compared to paracetamol which is 146,19%.

Background and Objectives: Biofilms are a community of bacteria on surfaces coated with extracellular polymeric materials, and one strategy to remove biofilms is to use nanoparticles. The aim of this study was to synthesize green zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and determine its anti-biofilm effects on biofilm gene expression in multidrugresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Materials and Methods:In this in vitro study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by green method using zinc nitrate solution and Typha latifolia extract. Its physical and chemical properties were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) methods. Its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration and plate microtiter methods, respectively. Finally, the effects of ZnO nanoparticles on the expression of wzm biofilm gene were investigated using Real Time PCR. Results:The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had a spherical morphology and had a size of less than 100 nm. The results also showed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects against multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains and these nanoparticles significantly reduced the expression of wzm biofilm gene (p<0.05). Conclusion:The findings of this study showed that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects and in the future, with further studies, these nanoparticles can be used as an anti-biofilm candidate.

The Persian walnut, also known Juglans regia of the genus Juglans is cultivated throughout the temperate regions of the world for its high-quality wood and edible nuts. Genetic diversity, structure and differentiation of cultivated walnut are important for effective conservation, management, and utilisation of germplasm. Recent study on genetic diversity and genotype differentiation in Persian walnut of Iran, revealed that these genotypes can be differentiated by ITS and ISSR, however, these markers show a low degree of genetic variability. ITS sequences revealed a lower degree of genetic difference of the studied Persian walnut genotypes compared to that of ISSR molecular markers. Therefore, it is important to investigate these genotypes by the other molecular markers to find out which one can produce more data on genetic structure and variability in these important genotypes. For the same reason, we continued this study by using cp-DNA (psbA-trnhG) gene, IRAP, and REMAP. To provide barcode for Iranian genotypes of Juglans regia is an other objective of this study. For IRAP and REMAP analyses studies, we randomly selected 60 plants from 6 populations including 3 wild and 3 cultivated populations. For cp- DNA analysis we used 21 plants of Juglans regia randomly selected from 6 studied populations. The present study revealed a high level of genetic variability in Juglans regia genotypes in those sequences investigated by IRAP and REMAP molecular markers. We reported that IRAP and REMAP molecular markers cannot be efficiently used in walnut germplasm genetic screening.