Dual-phase MDCT with 3D reconstruction is a comprehensive imaging technique for staging gallbladder carcinoma and determining the vascular road map before surgery.

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) play a major role in the emerging fields of nanotechnology to facilitate rapid advancements in biomedical and industrial platforms. The superparamagnetic properties of MIONPs and their environment friendly synthetic methods with well-defined particle size have become indispensable to obtain their full potential in a variety of applications ranging from cellular to diverse areas of biomedical science. Thus, the broadened scope and need for MIONPs in their demanding fields of applications required to be highlighted for a comprehensive understanding of their state-of-the-art. Many synthetic methods, however, do not entirely abolish their undesired cytotoxic effects caused by free radical production and high iron dosage. In addition, the agglomeration of MIONPs has also been a major problem. To alleviate these issues, suitable surface modification strategies adaptive to MIONPs has been suggested not only for the effective cytotoxicity control but also to minimize their agglomeration. The surface modification using inorganic and organic polymeric materials would represent an efficient strategy to utilize the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of MIONPs in various human diseases including cancer. This review article elaborates the structural and magnetic properties of MIONPs, specifically magnetite, maghemite and hematite, followed by the important synthetic methods that can be exploited for biomedical approaches. The in vivo cytotoxic effects and the possible surface modifications employed to eliminate the cytotoxicity thereby enhancing the nanoparticle efficacy are also critically discussed. The roles and applications of surface modified MIONPs in medical and industrial platforms have been described for the benefits of global well-being.

L-Alaninium maleate (C 3 H 8 NO 2 + C 4 H 3 O 4 -), a new organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, is synthesized. Optical behavior such as UV-visible-NIR absorption spectra and second harmonic generation (SHG) were investigated to explore the NLO characteristics of the material for the first time. Thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies of the specimen were also conducted. Characterization of the crystals was made using single-crystal X-ray diffraction and density determinations.

A determination of the structure of the title compound, C3H7NO2, leads to an accurate description of its molecular dimensions and crystal packing. As in the structure of the L-isomer, the molecules aggregate into alternating layers, each consisting of only one type of isomer. The molecules in each layer are interconnected through head-to-tail sequences generated by a cell translation and a 2(1) screw axis. Adjacent layers are interconnected by head-to-tail sequences generated by a glide plane.

In the title compounds, 4-carboxyanilinium (2R,3R)-tartrate, C(7)H(8)NO(2)+.C(4)H(5)O(6)-, (I), and 4-aminobenzoic acid, C(7)H(7)NO(2), (II), the carboxyl planes of the 4-carboxyanilinium cations/4-aminobenzoic acid are twisted from the aromatic plane. In (I), the characteristic head-to-tail interactions are observed through the tartrate anions, forming two C2(2)(7) chain motifs propagating parallel to the a and c axes of the unit cell. Also, the tartrate anions are connected through two primary C1(1)(6) and C1(1)(7) chain motifs, leading to a secondary R4(4)(22) ring motif. In (II), head-to-tail interaction is seen through a discrete D1(1)(2) motif and carboxyl group dimerization is observed through centrosymmetrically related R2(2)(8) motifs around the inversion centres of the unit cell. The crystal structures of both compounds are stabilized by intricate three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding networks. Alternate hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers are observed in (I) as a result of a column-like arrangement of the anions and the aromatic rings of the cations.