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A comparative ability of industrial samples of four phosphorus-free polymers (polyaspartate [PASP]; polyepoxysuccinate [PESA]; polyacrylic acid sodium salt [PAAS]; and copolymer of maleic and acrylic acid [MA-AA]) and of two phosphonates (aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid), ATMP; 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-bis(phosphonic acid), HEDP) to inhibit calcium carbonate precipitation is tested following the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) Standard TM0374-2007 for the dosages ranging from 1 to 25 mg•dm-3. In a parallel way, an aqueous phase is studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), while the solid calcium carbonate is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The following ranking ATMP > HEDP > PESA (400-1,500 Da) PASP (1,000-5,000 Da) > PAAS (3,000-5,000 Da) ~ MA-AA is found. DLS exhibits the formation of CaCO 3 particles with a particle size around 300-400 nm in the blank solution as well as in presence of all antiscalants immediately after a supersaturated solution preparation with negative ζ-potential around-5 mV for all reagents. Only for MA-AA the bigger aggregates are formed. XRD analysis revealed calcite formation at low dosages of all antiscalants, although the crystal shapes are distorted. At a higher concentration of some antiscalants, aragonite (PAAS, ATMP) and vaterite (PASP) are found to be the dominating crystal modifications. The differences between the blank experiments and scaling in the presence of inhibitor are attributed neither to CaCO 3 particle size nor to electrostatic charge, but to the number of particles formed. In presence of an antiscalant, the number of solid phase particles is sufficiently less, than in a blank solution. Thus, both the polymers and phosphonates prevent mostly the formation of initial crystallization centers under NACE protocol conditions.

The production and properties of silver-containing products currently attract increasing attention due to the unique properties of silver. Specific properties of silver are considerably amplified when it is dispersed to the form of nanosized particles. Silver nanoparticles are several times more active than its other forms and many antibiotic and biocidal products. At the same time nanoparticles can more easily penetrate the protective barriers of living organisms and get directly into their tissues and organs. To be assured of safety of silver nanoproducts for human health and environment, it is necessary to study the influence of silver nanoparticles on the physiology of living organisms. This paper presents experimental data on effect of two nanosilver preparations (poviargol and argovit) on laboratory mice. Investigated preparations were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. It was established that morphological express control of peripheral blood and biochemical analysis of blood serum of living organisms can serve for purposes of primary monitoring of the pathological conditions caused by silver nanoparticles.

Recently the number of materials and goods produced by nanotechnology has been growing rapidly, leading to an increased penetration of nanoparticles into biosystems. To assess the risks associated with the production and circulation of nanoproducts should be developed methods for the rapid diagnostics of nanopathology. In this work, it has been experimentally shown that the introduction of metal oxides nanoparticles (TiO2, ZnO, Al2O3, CeO2) to laboratory mice leads to changes some profiles of specific hematological and biochemical blood parameters. Therefore for the purpose of early detection of symptoms of intoxication as benchmarks of the influence of metal oxide nanoparticles on living organisms can recommend express monitoring of peripheral blood (red blood parameters) and biochemical parameters of blood serum (activity of aminotransferases and indicators of nitrogen metabolism). The chosen indicators of blood can serve as diagnostic biomarkers in the development of rapid tests of primary monitoring of the impact of metal oxide nanoparticles on biological systems.

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