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We present an analysis of one-dimensional models of dynamical systems that possess "coherent structures"; global structures that disperse more slowly than local trajectory separation. We study cocycles generated by expanding interval maps and the rates of decay for functions of bounded variation under the action of the associated Perron-Frobenius cocycles.We prove that when the generators are piecewise affine and share a common Markov partition, the Lyapunov spectrum of the Perron-Frobenius cocycle has at most finitely many isolated points. Moreover, we develop a strengthened version of the Multiplicative Ergodic Theorem for non-invertible matrices and construct an invariant splitting into Oseledets subspaces.We detail examples of cocycles of expanding maps with isolated Lyapunov spectrum and calculate the Oseledets subspaces, which lead to an identification of the underlying coherent structures.Our constructions generalise the notions of almost-invariant and almostcyclic sets to non-autonomous dynamical systems and provide a new ensemblebased formalism for coherent structures in one-dimensional non-autonomous dynamics.

We describe a mathematical formalism and numerical algorithms for identifying and tracking slowly mixing objects in nonautonomous dynamical systems. In the autonomous setting, such objects are variously known as almost-invariant sets, metastable sets, persistent patterns, or strange eigenmodes, and have proved to be important in a variety of applications. In this current work, we explain how to extend existing autonomous approaches to the nonautonomous setting. We call the new time-dependent slowly mixing objects coherent sets as they represent regions of phase space that disperse very slowly and remain coherent. The new methods are illustrated via detailed examples in both discrete and continuous time.

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