При ядерных испытаниях в нижних слоях атмосферы, а также при атомной бомбардировке, в результате нейтронной активации химических элементов в составе почвы образуются бета-и гамма-излучающие радионуклиды. Радионуклид 56 Mn (T1/2=2,58 ч) -один из основных ней-тронно-активированных бета-излучателей в течение первых часов после нейтронной актива-ции частиц почвенной пыли, поднявшейся в момент ядерного взрыва. Эффекты облучения остаточной радиоактивностью, образовавшейся в результате ядерных взрывов, являются предметом обсуждения и исследований последствий ядерных испытаний и атомных бомбар-дировок. Экспериментальное моделирование облучения лабораторных животных остаточной радиоактивностью в пылевых частицах почвы можно осуществить с использованием ней-тронно-активированного 56 Mn в виде порошка. Нейтронная активация порошкообразного MnO2 проведена на ядерном реакторе ИВГ.1М (экспериментальная установка «Байкал-1», Курчатов, Казахстан) при флюенсе нейтронов 410 14 н/см 2 . Полученный активированный по-рошок с 56 Mn был распылён пневматической системой над экспериментальными животными (крысы линии Вистар), которые находились в специальном боксе. Начальная активность рас-пылённого порошка была равна 2,7410 8 Бк. Облучение проведено в двух вариантах -в пер-вом из них в боксе имелся только воздушный фильтр для обеспечения дыхания животных. Во втором варианте была осуществлена принудительная вентиляция бокса. После распыле-ния порошка было выполнено измерение активности
Absorbed doses to fingernails and organs were calculated for a set of homogenous external gamma-ray irradiation geometries in air. The doses were obtained by stochastic modeling of the ionizing particle transport (Monte Carlo method) for a mathematical human phantom with arms and hands placed loosely along the sides of the body. The resulting dose conversion factors for absorbed doses in fingernails can be used to assess the dose distribution and magnitude in practical dose reconstruction problems.
For purposes of estimating dose in a large population exposed to radiation in order to triage people for treatment of acute radiation syndrome, the calculated data for a range of energies having a width of from 0.05 to 3.5 MeV were used to convert absorbed doses in fingernails to corresponding doses in organs and the whole body as well as the effective dose. Doses were assessed based on assumed rates of radioactive fallout at different time periods following a nuclear explosion.
The aim of the study is to determine the average intensity and variation of the native background signal amplitude (NSA) and of the solar light-induced signal amplitude (LSA) in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of tooth enamel for different kinds of teeth and different groups of people. These values are necessary for determination of the intensity of the radiation-induced signal amplitude (RSA) by subtraction of the expected NSA and LSA from the total signal amplitude measured in L-band for in vivo EPR dosimetry. Variation of these signals should be taken into account when estimating the uncertainty of the estimated RSA. A new analysis of several hundred EPR spectra that were measured earlier at X-band in a large-scale examination of the population of the Central Russia was performed. Based on this analysis, the average values and the variation (standard deviation, SD) of the amplitude of the NSA for the teeth from different positions, as well as LSA in outer enamel of the front teeth for different population groups, were determined. To convert data acquired at X-band to values corresponding to the conditions of measurement at L-band, the experimental dependencies of the intensities of the RSA, LSA and NSA on the m.w. power, measured at both X and L-band, were analysed. For the two central upper incisors, which are mainly used in in vivo dosimetry, the mean LSA annual rate induced only in the outer side enamel and its variation were obtained as 10 ± 2 (SD = 8) mGy y, the same for X- and L-bands (results are presented as the mean ± error of mean). Mean NSA in enamel and its variation for the upper incisors was calculated at 2.0 ± 0.2 (SD = 0.5) Gy, relative to the calibrated RSA dose-response to gamma radiation measured under non-power saturation conditions at X-band. Assuming the same value for L-band under non-power saturating conditions, then for in vivo measurements at L-band at 25 mW (power saturation conditions), a mean NSA and its variation correspond to 4.0 ± 0.4 (SD = 1.0) Gy.
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