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In the past years, many research works has been performed on the basics of the wireless sensor networks for different application namely precision agriculture, environment, medical care, security and surveillance. Whereas, WSN faces the different kinds of challenges that includes energy consumption, routing protocol algorithm and selection of the sensor node from the particular application environment. Therefore, the implementation of the wireless sensor networks has overcome a numerous amount of challenges in the practical life. In this paper, we mainly focused on the two issues which mainly affect the transmission of the data to the base station they are sensor node deployment which is used to improve the coverage area of the environment and the routing protocol which is used to select the node to maintain a particular route for a network. Atlast, we have discussed about design challenges that are faced during the designation of the wireless sensor networks.

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The importance of Ad-hoc network is due to its nature of infrastructure-less and decentralization. In Ad-hoc network some nodes can become a critical spot in the network as they forward the packets to most of their neighbors. These critical nodes can deplete their battery power earlier, because of excessive load and processing for data forwarding. These unbalanced loads turn to nodes failure, network partition and reduce the route lifetime and route reliability. Energy consumption issue is a vital research topic in wireless ad hoc networks, because wireless nodes in such networks operate on limited battery power. This model paper describes An Energy and Traffic Aware Routing approach as an extension of AODV algorithm for Ad hoc network, utilizing the high energy path based on Route Selection Function. Our proposed algorithm adapts existing AODV routing protocol to improve performance in terms of traffic load on node, energy conservation and other performance metrics. The purpose of Route Selection Function is to improve lifespan of Ad hoc network and corresponding effect on overall network performance.