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This paper concerns higher and further education institutions' policies as they relate to the interactions of their staff and students with the sex industry. In Scotland and England, consenting adults may legally buy and sell sex and commercial sexual entertainment, such as erotic dance and phone sex, provided that they do not do so in a public place. The indoor commercial sex sector is legally staffed and patronised by a wide variety of individuals, yet newspapers publish articles for salacious appeal exposing their involvement. A Freedom of Information enquiry found that although no institution had a policy prohibiting staff or student involvement in commercial sex, unwritten assumptions could be used to penalise legal but stigmatised sexual behaviour. The paper considers how institutions might respond to allegations of disreputable behaviour.

Presented is a new ADC topology based on an asynchronous PWM modulator followed by a VCO and a counter. The PWM modulator first encodes the analogue input into a binary waveform. Then, the VCO implements a multibit first-order noise shaping modulator, sampling and quantising the input signal encoded by the PWM modulator. With this architecture, the linearity of the whole converter is independent of the VCO linearity as the VCO is modulated by a two valued signal only. Proposed is a hardware implementation suitable for low power applications that does not require linear amplifiers.Introduction: Continuous time sigma delta (CTSD) analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) require a first integrator that is ultimately responsible for the performance of the overall converter. This first integrator is usually implemented with a CMOS operational amplifier that consumes a large silicon area and a significant part of the power budget to achieve gain and linearity. For this reason, there has been a search for new topologies that permit mostly digital ADC implementations. One of these topologies is based on a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) [1], which provides a multibit quantised output with a simple ring oscillator but at the expense of uncompensated distortion due to the nonlinear voltage-to-frequency conversion of the VCO. On the other hand, pulse width modulation (PWM) has been used to implement efficient ADCs but still requiring either linear integrators [2] or a power consuming time to digital converter (TDC) [3]. In this Letter, we present an architecture that combines both the VCO and the PWM approaches to implement a converter that mitigates the nonlinearity problems of VCOs without requiring high performance operational amplifiers.

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