Background: Diseases primarily inflicting prostate gland are inflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer. Prostate specific antigen is a protein produced by the cells of prostate gland. It has been widely used in the diagnosis and management of patients with prostatic cancer. The aim this study was to determine the correlation between serum prostate specific antigen level and histological findings in biopsy specimens of men with prostatic disease. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at Kathmandu Medical College and TeachingHospital, department of Pathology over a period of 2 years. One hundred and twenty eight cases with prostatic lesions were included in this study. Prostate specific antigen values of these cases were recorded before the surgical process. Histology of the tissue samples collected after transurethral resection of prostate was studied and relationship with prostate specific antigen level were analyzed.Results: Benign prostatic hyperplasia was the most common histological lesion encountered (n=95; 74.22%). Prostatic adenocarcinomas were seen a decade older than those with benign lesions. Maximum number of the benign cases had the Prostate specific antigen range of 0-7ng/ml. Most of the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions were seen within the PSA range of 0-7ng/ml and adenocarcinoma in the range of >20ng/ml. Conclusion:Prostate specific antigen is specific for the prostate but not for prostate cancer. Both benign and malignant lesions in prostate can cause increase in serum prostate specific antigen levels, but the chances of malignancy it rising level.

Introduction: Cancer of uterine cervix is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity among womenworldwide. In developing countries it is the most common gynaecological cancer and one of theleading causes of cancer death among women. Pap smears are commonly used as cytologicalscreening test for successful eradication of precancerous lesions, which has made it a routineprocedure worldwide.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital,Kathmandu within a period of two years from January 2011 to December 2012. A total of 1369 caseswere screened.Results: In this study, cytological examination of the smears showed 944 (68.95%) inflammatorysmears, 301(21.99%) normal smears, 101(7.38%) atrophic smears, seven (0.51%) ASCUS, two (0.15%)LSIL, four (0.29%) HSIL and two (0.15%) squamous cell carcinoma. Radiation changes were seen inthree (0.22%) cases. Of all the smears studied five (0.36%) cases were inadequate. Regarding ethnicity,incidence of epithelial cell abnormalities was high in Tamang (5 cases). Eleven cases (73.33%) ofepithelial cell abnormalities were seen in patients from urban areas.Conclusions: In country like Nepal with predominant rural population, screening and awarenessprograms with co-operation of media, non-government organizations and government should beformulated for early detection of cervical cancer._______________________________________________________________________________________Keywords: Bethesda system; cervical intraepithelial lesions; pap smear___________________________________________________________________________

Background: Upper gastrointestinal tract disorders are one of the most commonly encountered problems in the clinical practice. A variety of disorders can affect the upper gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy, in combination with biopsy, plays an important role in the exact diagnosis for further management.Objectives: To determine the spectrum of histopathological lesions of upper gastrointestinal tract.Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepal from January 2015 to December 2016 (2 years).Results: A total 243 endoscopic biopsies were evaluated. Out of which, 219 cases were from gastric, 15 were from esophagus and 9 were from duodenum. Among the gastric biopsies, 77 cases (35.16%) were chronic active gastritis and 27 cases (12.33%) were malignant. The most common malignancy was adenocarcinoma. Among the 15 oesophageal biopsies, 12 cases (80%) were of non-neoplastic and 3 cases (20%) were of neoplastic nature. The most common malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma. Among 9 cases of duodenum biopsies, all were non-neoplastic, of which chronic non-specific duodenitis (66.66%) was the commonest.Conclusion: Endoscopy is incomplete without histopathological examination of biopsy and so, the combinations of methods play an important role in diagnosis and management of upper gastrointestinal tract disorders.Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018, Page: 67-74