A major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter is an active secondary transport system that uses a chemiosmotic ion gradient to transport small molecules. MFS is part of the efflux pump group of proteins and is responsible for releasing toxic compounds and contributing to the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to detect MFS genes from a collection of Enterobacteriaceae (n=60) isolated from cloacal swabs of chickens. After DNA extraction and amplification, only four isolates (6.7%) were regarded positive for MFS genes and subjected to Sanger dideoxy sequencing. A BlastX search in GenBank® showed that four positive samples with approximate length 300 bp were identified as MSF transporter from Klebsiella pneumoniae with a similarity of 97-98%. This finding warrants further study to confirm both phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles that correlate with bacterial multidrug efflux pump mechanism.

Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite that cause cryptosporidiosis, a gastroenteric disease in wide range of animals and humans. Cryptosporidiosis affects significant economic loss in livestock production due to poor management practices, leading to faecal contamination. The parasite can be transmitted by ingestion of oocysts which have high survival ability in various type of environment and resistant to water chlorination treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in various faecal samples of cattle (n=24, aged 1-2 years old) obtained from several farms in Sulawesi. Following faecal DNA extraction, we performed a nested-PCR assay using validated-Cryptosporidium 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) primers, resulting a size of amplified DNA approximately 770 bps. A total four samples (16.7%) were regarded as positive for Cryptosporidium spp., including samples obtained from farms in South Sulawesi (n=2), Central Sulawesi (n=1) and Gorontalo (n=1). This result confirms the risk of cryptosporidiosis not only among cattle in Sulawesi but also potential transfer of this parasite to humans especially from contaminated water and food. Therefore, early detection of the spread of oocysts is also crucial for monitoring animal health including cattle as production animals, human health, and environment.

Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica) is an endemic rodent species to Indonesia. Potential zoonoses from this bushmeat is poorly studied although it has become a popular bushmeat in several regions Java Island. The aims of this preliminary study were to assess bacterial community and to observe any potential pathogenic bacteria in Sunda porcupine. A freshly defecated feces from a healthy Sunda porcupine was collected aseptically and then subjected for DNA extraction and 16S rRNA amplification before further process for DNA sequencing in the Nanopore MinION Mk1b. After analysis using EPI2ME Labs. A total 34 phyla were detected, dominated by Firmicutes (77.32%) followed by Bacteroidetes (14.23%), and Proteobacteria (3.26%). Meanwhile, more than 760 genera were observed, dominated by Bacteroides (5.88%), Romboutsia (4.64%) and Clostridium (3.99%). Nonpathogenic bacteria were dominantly observed in the sample but several potential pathogenic bacteria were also detected, including Shigella (0.01%), Plesiomonas shigelloides (0.01%), Prevotella loescheii (0.02%), Salmonella (0.002%) and Vibrio cholera (<0.001%). Although the pathogenic bacteria were detected in a very low proportion, their presence may raise a concern when fecal contamination occurred during meat processing. Proper hygiene and sanitation are critical parts of to prevent food borne pathogens transmission to humans.