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Bioefficacy of leaf and root extracts of Aristolochia tagala Cham. at different concentrations was evaluated at room temperature against Spodoptera litura Fab. Effects on feeding, larvicidal and pupicidal activities and larval-pupal duration were studied. Higher antifeedant activity (56.06%), lethal concentration for feeding inhibition (3.69%), larvicidal (40.66%), pupicidal (28%), total mortality (68.66%) and prolonged larval-pupal duration (12.04-13.08 days) were observed in ethyl acetate leaf extract at 5.0% concentration. Dose dependant effect of test extracts was observed. This plant could be used to isolate active principles and to develop a new botanical formulation in pest management programmes.

ObjectiveTo study CSF Indices and their association with prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis.BackgroundTill date, there is no published data on use of CSF indices in diagnosing or prognosticating of autoimmune encephalitis.Design/MethodsThis retrospective, single-center (AIMS, Kochi, India) cohort study included 60 adult patients with autoimmune encephalitis who were first admitted from August 2016 till November 2021. We used a univariate binary logistic regression for the entire cohort (n = 60) or the cohort of seronegative cases (n = 54) and a two-tailed Fisher's exact test for a small group of seropositive cases (n = 6). A Chi-square test was performed to describe the results in rare cases if logistic regression failed to work.ResultsIn the entire cohort (n = 60) a statistically significant association was found between a good fast treatment response and a total count of cells in the CSF more than 4 cells/mm3(OR 4.571, 95% CI 1.31–15.956, p = 0.017), IgG Local Synthesis (OR 7.273, 95% CI 1.562–33.863, p = 0.011), and Integrative Parameter of Local IgG Synthesis proposed by Ziadie M. et al. (OR 5.318, 95% CI 1.271–22.250, p = 0.022). Good fast response was defined as an improvement with single agent from the first line therapy by mRS-9Q of at least 3 points in case of severe disease and at least 2 points in case of moderately severe disease at the time of discharge. Higher Albumin Index values associated with higher odds of having poor GCS Score (OR 1.165, 95% CI 1.011–1.343, p = 0.035). In the cohort of seronegative cases (n = 54) we obtained similar results. In the cohort of seropositive cases (n = 6), none of the patients had a good fast response.ConclusionsIn our research, evidence of Local IgG Synthesis in CNS and CSF total cell count more than 4 cells/mm3showed association with a good and fast treatment response in patients with autoimmune encephalitis.

India is the leader in white revolution since 1998, India surpassed the United States and became the largest milk producer in the world by executing Operation ood and also the largest consumer of dairy products. Milk production in the country has increased from 146.3 million tonnes in 2014-15 to 198.4 million tonnes in 2019-20 (Economic Times, 2021). In comparison with 2018-19, the production has increased by 5.70 percent according to the government data. More than 75 percent of the households in the country are consuming milk. The per capita milk consumption is found to be much higher for the home-grown households than those which purchased in most of the state.

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