Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) has damaged in great extent in different cultivated crops. Mainly it affects solanaceous crops. It feeds on the leaves of the crop and crops seems as it is fed by the animals. In later stage it damages whole plant causing rotting of plant. Commercial farmers are normally relying on chemical pesticides. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy is suggested as a best option of pest management. Using respective trap crop of major crops has been found most effective method as trap has multiple advantages for the small-scale farmers. Handpicking can be effectively used for the fourth and fifth instar of the larva.  This systematic review aims to collect the general biology of tobacco caterpillar and related species as well as various IPM measures of pest management. The details pest biology, ecology, host distribution and integrated pest management are reviewed systematically and presented in review section. Reviews were carried out citing different journal articles, books, conference proceedings, thesis, reports, books sections etc.   This review can be useful for the researchers, academicians and extension workers to develop an IPM protocol for the tobacco caterpillar.

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, is a polyphagous invasive pest that seriously affects the maize crop. Various insecticides such as Spinosad, Chlorantraniliprole, Imidacloprid, Emamectin benzoate, Spinetoram and Neem-based insecticides are recommended to control this pest. However, their efficacy is not well studied in Nepal. Hence, a study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the above-mentioned insecticides for FAW management in laboratory experiments. Seven different treatments (six insecticides such as Spinosad 45% SC, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, Imidacloprid 17.8% SL, Emamectin benzoate 5% SC, Spinetoram 11.7% SC, Neem-based pesticide (Azadirachtin 1500 ppm) and control (water spray) were evaluated in three replicated CRD design. Spinosad and Spinetoram were found effective for the FAW mortality in which > 50% mortality of the larva was obtained in twelve hours and > 90 % mortality in twenty-four hours. Likewise, Emamectin benzoate and Chlorantraniliprole also caused > 90% mortality within twenty-four hours. Azadirachtin and Imidacloprid were not as effective as other pesticides that caused only 17% larval mortality in the first twelve hours and 68% mortality in sixty hours. Similarly, Imidacloprid caused 8% larval mortality in twelve hours and 59% mortality in sixty hours. There was no mortality in water spray (control). This information gives an idea of all pesticides are not equally effective and efficient. Such information’s are important to the farmers to select the right insecticides for the control of FAW in maize crops.

Reproductive endocrinology has advanced a lot beyonds the established hormones dynamics and its application is reaching novel areas. This review article gives insights on reproductive endocrine profiling, artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer in wild felid through exogenous hormonal application. Wild felids are seclusive creatures and they express slight to marked variations in reproductive mechanisms; we lack to clearly define normative data of onset of puberty to reproductive senescence and the understanding of fundamental reproductive physiology. This is crucial in many aspects of conservation in wild and captive breeding. Various researches in bits and pieces revealed that species difference with different estrus period, its length, hormone level were the keys for the failure of AI, IVF and embryo transfer in wild felids. This paper also summarizes the estrogen and progesterone monitoring in female and androgen (testosterone) in male, semen analysis and cryopreservation of sperm and embryo. Reviews of published work reports about 10 offspring born from artificial insemination and 39 offspring born from embryo transfer which are included in this article.