Static magnetic fields affect the diffusion of biological particles in solutions through the Lorentz force and Maxwell stress. These effects were analyzed theoretically to estimate the threshold field strength for these effects. Our results show that the Lorentz force suppresses the diffusion of charged particles such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, and plasma proteins. However, the threshold is so high, i.e., more than 10(4) T, that the Lorentz force does not affect the ion diffusion at typical field strengths (a few Tesla at most). Since the threshold of gradient fields for producing a change in ion diffusion through the Maxwell stress is more than 10(5) T2/m for paramagnetic molecules (FeCl3, O2) and plasma proteins, their diffusion would be unaffected by typical gradient fields (100 T2/m at most) and even by high gradient fields (less than 10(5) T2/m) used in magnetic separation techniques. In contrast, movement of deoxygenated erythrocytes and FeCl3 colloids (more than 10(3) molecules) is influenced by the usual gradient fields due to a volume effect.

This paper reports measurement results of ultrasonic propagation velocity in MR fluid under compression. Experiments were conducted by applying different pressures in MR fluid at constant magnetic flux density. At low magnetic flux densities (100 and 200 mT), the ultrasonic propagation velocity in MR fluids changes when subjected to pressure. This change is related to cluster formation in MR fluid. The ultrasonic propagation velocity change is smaller when higher pressures are applied, indicating that cluster size in MR fluid becomes thinner under higher pressures. However, at higher magnetic flux densities (300 and 400 mT), ultrasonic propagation velocities under different pressures are nearly similar. These results indicate that at higher magnetic flux densities, pressures do not affect cluster formation in MR fluids.

This paper reports experimental studies about anisotropy and attenuation as characteristics of ultrasonic propagation in a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) under AC magnetic fields. Parameters of this studies are magnitude of AC magnetic fields (50 mT), frequencies of AC magnetic fields (1, 2, 3 Hz) and angles between directions of ultrasonic propagation and magnetic field (0, 45, 90°). As results of change rate of sound velocity, MRF has characteristics of time dependence, frequencies dependence and anisotropy under AC magnetic fields. Also, length of clusters in MRF became short with increase of frequencies of AC magnetic fields. The clusters in MRF are formed along the magnetic force under AC magnetic fields. Attenuation decreased with increase of the angles between directions of ultrasonic propagation and magnetic field. But, attenuation did not change with increase of frequencies of AC magnetic fields.

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