This paper presents the modelling, design and power management of a hybrid energy storage system for a three-wheeled light electric vehicle under Indian driving conditions. The hybrid energy storage system described in this paper is characterized by effective coupling of Li-ion battery (primary energy source) and ultracapacitor (auxiliary source) interfaced with an efficient bi-directional converter. A design methodology related to vehicle modelling, choice of motor rating, converter design, sizing of Li-ion battery and ultracapacitor pack for the Indian driving cycle are presented. An improved real-time power-split management control strategy is proposed for proper power flow control of the hybrid energy storage system under various operating modes. The hybridized energy storage system with proposed control strategy improves the life of the battery and helps in effective utilization of the ultracapacitor. Furthermore, a relative comparison of the hybrid energy storage system with the battery energy storage system based on battery parameters and capital cost is also presented. Simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy with modelled system components of three-wheeled light electric vehicle. A downscaled experimental prototype is built to validate the power-split between hybrid energy storage systems.

Power electronic interface with its effective control scheme plays a major role in the utilization of energy sources for electric vehicle application. For this purpose, a hybrid fuzzy PI based control scheme for a multiple input converter (MIC) topology is proposed. The proposed hybrid fuzzy PI controller includes a conventional PI controller at steady state and fuzzy PI at transient state. Also, the proposed control design helps in tracking a predefined speed profile to have complete realization of electric vehicle. Detailed simulation study and performance comparisons with conventional controller are performed. The results show that the developed control scheme is robust providing bidirectional power management, fast tracking capability with less steady state error, better dynamic response by enhancing the flexibility and proper utilization of energy sources. Simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is carried out to verify the performance of the multi-input converter with the developed control scheme. An experimental setup is constructed to validate the same.

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Abstract-The photovoltaic (PV) module has been the interface of electrical energy generation from the solar irradiation. The solar radiation, ambient temperature and solar cell temperature are not constant throughout the day. So, the maximum power condition varies all the time due to which the efficiency of PV cell decreases. To increase the efficiency of PV cell maximum power point tracking is used. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is an algorithm that includes charge controller that is used for extracting maximum power available power from PV module under certain conditions. In addition to the above conditions, the irradiance on PV module is non-uniform due to shading of trees, clouds etc., called partial shading. Using conventional MPPT technique such as Perturb and Observe, Incremental conductance, Hill climbing it is not possible to track maximum power condition in partial shading condition. The main objective of the present work is to consider MPPT even during partial shading conditions such that the overall efficiency of the system is improved.In this paper, a non-linear optimization technique called Golden Section Search (GSS) is used to track maximum power. The GSS method has the advantage of converging fast to extremum conditions even under partial shaded conditions. A tool has been developed using MATLAB modelling the PV module operation under partial shading conditions and the result obtained is validated with existing work in the literature.Keywords: Golden Section Search, Maximum Power Point Tracking, Partial shading I. INTRODUCTION Major sources for generating electricity are non-renewable energy sources such as coal, gas, nuclear etc. are extracted in large amount so their availability is reducing continuously. It takes more time to replenish these sources. So, it is necessary to choose the alternative sources called Renewable energy sources like sun, wind, biomass, tide, geothermal etc. which are always available in nature. The power generation from these sources is intermittent.Solar power generation involves clean, noise less operation. The main component which generates electricity from the solar is the PV cell. The PV cell converts visible light into Direct current (DC) based on photovoltaic effect.