Mathematical modeling and the dynamic simulation of battery storage systems can be challenging and demanding due to the nonlinear nature of the battery chemistry. This paper introduces a new dynamic battery model, with application to state of charge estimation, considering all possible aspects of environmental conditions and variables. The aim of this paper is to present a suitable convenient, generic dynamic representation of rechargeable battery dynamics that can be used to model any Lithium-ion rechargeable battery. The proposed representation is used to develop a dynamic model considering the thermal balance of heat generation mechanism of the battery cell and the ambient temperature effect including other variables such as storage effects, cyclic charging, battery internal resistance, state of charge etc. The results of the simulations have been used to study the characteristics of a Lithium-ion battery and the proposed battery model is shown to produce responses within 98% of known experimental measurements.

Mathematical modeling and dynamic simulation of battery storage systems can be challenging and demanding due to nonlinear nature. Simulation in time domain could be time consuming as battery storage (BS) systems do not behave according to readily available mathematical functions. Economic advantages, partial sustainability and the portability of these units pose promising substitutes for backup power systems in hybrid vehicles, hybrid electricity power generation systems, telecommunication exchanges and computer networks. Though, there have been many research papers published in this area with complex mathematical models and simulation systems, each system has its own constraints and specific applications. The aim of this research paper is to present a suitable convenient, dynamic battery model that can be used to model a general BS system. The proposed new dynamic battery model has the capability to analyse the effect of temperature, cyclic charging/discharging, and voltage stabilization effects. Simulink has been used to study the characteristics of the system and the proposed system has produced very good successful results.

An active and optimum controller is applied to regulate the power output from a wind turbine rotor. The controller is synthesized in two steps. The first step defines the equilibrium operation point and ensures that the desired equilibrium point is stable. The stability of the equilibrium point is guaranteed by a control law that is synthesized by applying the methodology of model predictive control (MPC). The method of controlling the turbine involves pitching the turbine blades. In the second step the blade pitch angle demand is defined. This involves minimizing the mean square error between the actual and desired power coefficient. The actual power coefficient of the wind turbine rotor is evaluated assuming that the blade is capable of stalling, using blade element momentum theory. This ensures that the power output of the rotor can be reduced to any desired value which is generally not possible unless a nonlinear stall model is introduced to evaluate the blade profile coefficients of lift and drag. The relatively simple and systematic nonlinear modelling and MPC controller synthesis approach adopted in this paper clearly highlights the main features on the controller that is capable of regulating the power output of the wind turbine rotor.

During the past couple of decades extensive research has been conducted in renewable energy hybrid systems. As a result, wind solar hybrid energy systems have become more popular and limelight of sustainable energy research. At present, the technology in this area has been developing very rapidly in the manufacturing sector producing new equipment with many patent rights. The main aim of this review paper is to reexamine the application of control systems used in hybrid energy systems and opportunities for further research identified.