Abstract. Globalization, increased governmental regulations, and customer demands regarding environmental issues have led the organizations to review the measures necessary for the implementation of the Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) to improve the environmental and economical performances. The paper proposes a Cournot-oligopoly model for green supply chain management. It provides a novel approach to construct a model that maximizes government tari and pro ts of the suppliers and manufacturers in all the GSCs. The bi-level model is converted to a single-level model by replacing the second level with its Karush Kuhn Tucker (KKT) conditions and linearization techniques. Then, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is utilized to solve the single-level model using MATLAB software. Afterwards, the obtained results are compared with optimal solutions acquired by Enumerative Method (EM) to evaluate the validity and feasibility of the proposed GA. The sensitivity analysis of this model indicates that the scal policy of the government greatly a ects the reduction of environmental pollution costs caused by industrial activities such as automobile production in a competitive market. Therefore, the amount of non-green products' taxes is directly related to the decrease of environmental pollution.

In this paper, a bi-level game-theoretic model is proposed to investigate the effects of governmental financial intervention on green supply chain. This problem is formulated as a bi-level program for a green supply chain that produces various products with different environmental pollution levels. The problem is also regard uncertainties in market demand and sale price of raw materials and products. The model is further transformed into a single-level nonlinear programming problem by replacing the lower-level optimization problem with its Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions. Genetic algorithm is applied as a solution methodology to solve nonlinear programming model. Finally, to investigate the validity of the proposed method, the computational results obtained through genetic algorithm are compared with global optimal solution attained by enumerative method. Analytical results indicate that the proposed GA offers better solutions in large size problems. Also, we conclude that financial intervention by government consists of green taxation and subsidization is an effective method to stabilize green supply chain members' performance. Keywords Green supply chain Á Bi-level programming problem Á Uncertainty Á Game theory Á Genetic algorithm

This study examines how the regime in Algeria could survive the different popular uprisings throughout history, unlike the rest of regimes that experienced the Arab Spring.  The study argues that since the foundation of the republic, the Algerian regime has always supported quick political reforms as a survival tactic. Contrary to other Arab dictatorships, the FLN has always been in power, but, as a survival tactic, it has always been willing to make concessions. The Algerian government used immediate political reforms to dictate the populace's behavior during uprisings, which over time created a kind of negative reinforcement.  The study will employ an extensive literature review and archival records to support this argument. Relying on a fusion of classical conditioning, power-maximization theory and inherent factors approach, this study will prove that political reforms are used mostly as a tool of regime survival and power maximization.