The research focuses on mixing of Landsat8 ETM+ images for sector of Tar An- Najaf Phenomenon for the sake of gaining the optimum description showing the ground guidelines of the studied area. The optimum Index Factor (OIF) method has ensured that RGB567 represents the preferred mixed bands, where vegetated areas, water and rocks and deposits more obviously distributed. The determinant covariance matrix method stated that RGB457 considered the optimum for spectral resolution. For comparison with Principal Component Analysis, the latter involves PC1,2,3 and shows clear variations that serve the interpreter as a detailed study. Through the study, the best method is the second one.

The study focuses on measuring the values of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K natural radionuclides in soil samples in Badra oil field area (Iraq). Also, the radiological risk data were calculated for all samples in this study. The technique used in this study was gamma-ray spectrometry with NaI(Tl) detector. The averages of specific activity are: 24.7 Bq/kg for 238 U, 13.6 Bq/kg for 232 Th, and 538.9 Bq/kg for 40 K. Besides, the estimations of radiological effects like the radium equivalent (Ra eq ), the absorbed dose rate (D r ), external hazard index (H ex ), internal hazard index (H in ), representative gamma hazard index (I γ ) and the total annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) are 85.5 Bq/kg, 42.1 nGy/h, 0.23, 0.30, 0.66 and 0.26 mSv/y respectively. When comparing the results in the study area with the world mean values specified by the UNSCEAR, OCDE and ICRP, the study terminates that the limits of health risk are safe and may not menace the workers at these locations due to these radionuclide limits. The values were subjected to GIS environment under the WGS1984 coordinate system for the sake of results' coordination, and processed in Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation as the best processing.

Free-air gravity, magnetic and topographic data derived from satellite imagery are used to study the main geological structures and features in the Bahr An-Najaf Area SW Iraq. A comparison between this map and gravitational and magnetic maps along with two profiles, each one on a map for the same location and direction. Both profiles show a decrease in values in the eastward direction of the two maps. The total magnetic intensity data of the study area are converted to reduction to pole data and drawn as a magnetic map. It is clear from the reduction to pole map that the rates of uplift and subsidence that occurred in the basement rocks are due to the faults in the Bahr An-Najaf region. The location of the Bahr An-Najaf Depression coincided with the negative anomalies on both the free-air gravity map and the reduction to pole magnetic map. Both maps are also used to define the important faults in the area, especially the Abu Jir Fault.

The study focuses on the optimum index factor (OIF) and Determinant Covariance methods. Landsat 7 ETM + image of Al-Mishkhab subdistrict was used to obtain the optimum results that were explaining earth features. The best result of image composite (OIF) was RGB 345, and determinant covariance was RGB 123 both for cultivated areas, water, and bare soil. In comparison with the two methods, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used in determining the landmarks precisely.