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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are safe and effective in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. As a result, they confer an all-cause mortality benefit across a wide range of patient groups. The utility of statins is limited by their adverse effects, including myalgias and rhabdomyolysis. These clinical events, plus other symptoms, constitute what is termed statin myopathy. This review summarizes current concepts of statin myopathy and presents strategies to minimize statin-associated myopathic complaints.

A 49-year-old man with multiple coronary risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, was referred for coronary angiography for evaluation of mild dyspnea on exertion and atypical chest pains. An exercise nuclear stress test demonstrated mild, reversible ischemia in the mid and distal inferior wall. The patient subsequently underwent cardiac catheterization, which demonstrated a giant coronary arterial-venous (A-V) fistula arising from a markedly dilated and tortuous circumflex artery (Figure 1). The vessel course could not be well delineated because of its tortuosity and the inability to fully opacify this structure with contrast. The other primary epicardial coronary arteries were angiographically normal. A small left-to-right shunt was detected, with Qp/Qsϭ1.29.The patient was referred for a cardiac computed tomography (CT) angiography performed on a 64-slice multidetector CT scanner to further define the coronary anatomy (Figure 2). The coronary calcium score was 671, with 651 in the circumflex artery and 20 in the left anterior descending artery. The left main artery was dilated, with a maximum diameter of 12 mm at the origin and a minimum diameter of 10 mm at the bifurcation. The proximal circumflex was tortuous and markedly dilated (10 mm in diameter) and bifurcated into 2 branches: a normal-sized, nondominant distal circumflex that coursed within the left atrioventricular groove and a long, markedly dilated A-V fistula. The diameter of the A-V fistula ranged from 10 to 18 mm, and the fistula followed a looping course posterior to the pulmonary artery before draining into the superior portion of the right atrium (Figures 3 and 4). The left anterior descending artery revealed nonobstructive calcified plaque. The dominant right coronary artery was unremarkable. The patient was referred to a cardiac surgeon for repair of the A-V fistula. The proximal and distal portions of the fistula were divided, decompressed, and left in situ. At the conclusion of the case, there was no flow in

Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) is a rare condition that is usually the result of atherosclerotic obstructive disease affecting the mesenteric arteries. The classic triad of post-prandial pain, food aversion and weight loss is not always present, often leading to low clinical suspicion for CMI and underdiagnosis. Non-invasive evaluation for CMI usually starts with mesenteric arterial duplex scanning, followed by computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography or conventional angiography, the latter being the gold standard for establishing its diagnosis. However, angiography alone has been demonstrated in coronary and other vascular beds to be inaccurate in predicting the physiologic and hemodynamic significance of a certain subset of atherosclerotic stenoses. We present the case of a patient with risk factors and symptoms suggestive of CMI who underwent angiography. However, angiography was equivocal and invasive physiologic testing was required to confirm the diagnosis and guide revascularization.