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Phosphorous (P) plays the prominent role to promote the plants storage functions and structural roles, as it is recognized as a vital component of ADP, ATP, Cell wall as well as a part of DNA. Soils acts as the sink to supply P to plants because soil pH and its physical condition are the main factor which regulate the solubility and availability P element. Phosphorus is not deficient in Pakistani soils but its availability to plants is the serious matter of concern. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate P dynamics in two different soil series of Pakistan (Bahawalpur and Lyallpur) using Maize as test crop. The treatments applied were T0: Control (without any fertilizer), T1: Recommended DAP @648 mg pot −1 , T2: Half dose DAP @324 mg pot −1 , T3: Recommended rate of TSP @900 mg pot −1 , T4: Half dose TSP @450 mg pot −1 . Soil analysis showed that Bahawalpur soil has sandy clay loam texture with 33% clay and Lyallpur series has sandy loam texture with 15.5% clay; furthermore, these soil contain 4.6 and 2.12% CaCO 3 respectively. Results showed an increase in P concentration in roots (23 mg kg −1 ) with the application of half dose of TSP in Lyallpur series and lowest in Bahawalpur series (14.6 mg kg −1 ) at recommended dose of DAP. Concentration of P in shoots responded the same; increase at half dose of TSP (16.7 mg kg −1 ) and lowest at full dose of DAP in Bahawalpur series as (15.58 mg kg −1 ). Adsorbed P (17 mg kg −1 ) was recorded highest in Bahawalpur soil with more clay amount in pot with DAP application but lower in Lyallpur soil series (14 mg kg −1 ) with the application of applied TSP. The PUE was recorded highest in Lyallpur series with the application of half dose of TSP and it was 61% more than control and was Highest in Bahawalpur series was with the application of recommended dose of DAP is 72% more than control treatment. On estimation; results showed that applied sources made an increase in P availability than control, but TSP gave better P uptake than DAP unless of rates applied. Soil of Lyallpur series showed better uptake of P and response to applied fertilizers than Bahawalpur series which showed more adsorption of P by high clay and CaCO 3 amount. Conclusively, the study suggested that soil series play a crucial role in choosing fertilizer source for field application.

Commonalities abound varied health challenges confronting Pakistan and India. Some of these warrant joint collaborative solutions. This study presents existing health collaborations by mapping out active connections between the countries, through a literature review and clinical and public health professionals' interviews. It reveals that a diversity of practices exist beyond the usual notions of 'collaboration' usually depicted in the literature. Outcomes from such initiatives included enhanced learning and exchanges of information and research across various communities and contexts. In various adoptions of the term, contextualisation within and between countries and amongst particular communities is cited as important. Travel and mobility restriction emerged as one key issue that hampers and discourages collaborations. Key lessons conveyed by the participants included an enabling environment, missing on both sides of the border. Opportunities and recommendations are presented to address the obstacles that discourage cross-border dialogue and to enhance collaborations between the two countries.

Background: Garlic (allium sativum) is given as herbal medicine due to its antimalignanat effect. It has been reported that allium vegetables have marked anticancer effect against stomach and colorectal carcinomas. Organosulfur compounds in garlic activate the metabolizing enzymes and cytochrome P450s to detoxify carcinogens and other foreign compounds like lead. These components act as anticarcinogenic for gastrointestinal tract, lungs and mammary gland in experimental animals. Aim: To evaluate the dose range of garlic (allium sativum) to induce the antitumor effect. Study design: Experimental study Place and duration of study: Department of Anatomy, Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore from 1st October 2013 to 31st March 2014. Methodology: Forty five Wistar albino rats of both sexes weighing between 250-350 grams were selected randomly. Two different doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg of fresh garlic extract were given to the animals by orogastric tube for thirty days. After this period the analysis of quantitative parameters including the diameter of the hepatocytes and hapatic nucleus were recorded and nucleus to cell ratios (N/C Ratios) were calculated. Results: The atrophic changes on the size of hepatocytes and their nucleus is noted in both experimental group B and C as compared to control group A (P<0.001). Conclusion: There is a significant atrophic change, appearance of pyknotic nuclei indicating the apoptosis. That is leading to decrease in N/C ratio, beneficial in producing the anticarcinigen effect. Keywords: Garlic (allium sativum), hepatocytes, atrophy, pyknotic nuclei, albino rats

Approaches to learning are the thinking process used for getting, arranging, and recalling the information more effectively. Sound knowledge of Anatomy is mandatory for practicing safely and efficiently in almost all clinical specialties. Aim of this study was to explore the learning approaches proved to be most popular among the undergraduate medical students for the subject of Anatomy in our institution. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Anatomy Department, Shaikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Medical College, Lahore. 100 students from first year & 98 students from second year MBBS were included. Participation was purely on voluntary basis. Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) was used to categorize students’ learning approaches towards anatomy as surface, deep or strategic. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Shapiro Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data. Data was normally distributed. Scoring for three learning approaches was described by using mean ± SD. P- Value ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Overall, 116 (58.9%) students practiced deep approach, 53 (26.9%) students practiced strategic approach and only 28 (14.2%) showed surface approach. No significant difference was found in practicing different learning approaches between first-year and second-year students.Deep learning approach towards anatomy was the most frequently adopted approach by both male as well as female students. Conclusion: Majority of the students showed predominant deep approach towards learning Anatomy, followed by the students having predominant strategic learning approach. There is still room for improvement in the quest to foster deep learning among students by the development of competent & skillful faculty and improving our assessment tools aligned with the learning outcomes.