The results of this study revealed better antioxidant activity for leaves extracts of A. ampeloprasum subsp. persicum than its seeds extracts through ferric reducing and scavenging of hydrogen peroxide. Therefore the leaves may be considered as the valuable plant part for medicinal and nutritional applications.Please cite this paper as: Feghhi-Najafabadi S, Safaeian L, Zolfaghari B. In vitro antioxidant effects of different extracts obtained from the leaves and seeds of Allium ampeloprasum subsp. persicum. Introduction:This study evaluated antioxidant effects of hexane, chloroform, chloroformmethanol, aqueous and butanol extracts of leaves and seeds of Allium ampeloprasum subsp. persicum. Methods: Various extracts were evaluated for total phenolic content, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and H 2 O 2 scavenging activities. Results: Total phenolic content varied from 2.46 to 8.12 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram for various extracts with the highest level for butanol leave extract. Butanol leave extract showed the lowest IC 50 of DPPH scavenging. FRAP assay showed stronger antioxidant capacity for leaves than seeds' extracts and butanol extract was comparable to ascorbic acid at the concentration 50 µg/mL. In H 2 O 2 scavenging activity assay, butanol and chloroform-methanol leave extracts showed the least IC 50 value. Conclusion: Our results revealed moderately low amount of phenolic compounds and weak DPPH scavenging activity for all extracts of A. ampeloprasum subsp. persicum. However, leaves extracts showed good total antioxidant capacity and H 2 O 2 scavenging activity.

The immune system is essential in recognizing and eliminating tumor cells. The unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as heterogeneity, reduced blood flow, hypoxia, and acidity, can reduce the efficacy of cell-mediated immunity. The primary goal of cancer immunotherapy is to modify the immune cells or the TME to enable the immune system to eliminate malignancies successfully. Nanobodies, known as single-domain antibodies, are light chain-free antibody fragments produced from Camelidae antibodies. The unique properties of nanobodies, including high stability, reduced immunogenicity, enhanced infiltration into the TME of solid tumors and facile genetic engineering have led to their promising application in cell-mediated immunotherapy. They can promote the cancer therapy either directly by bridging between tumor cells and immune cells and by targeting cancer cells using immune cell-bound nanobodies or indirectly by blocking the inhibitory ligands/receptors. The T-cell activation can be engaged through anti-CD3 and anti-4-1BB nanobodies in the bispecific (bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs)) and trispecific (trispecific T-cell engager (TriTEs)) manners. Also, nanobodies can be used as natural killer (NK) cell engagers (BiKEs, TriKEs, and TetraKEs) to create an immune synapse between the tumor and NK cells. Nanobodies can redirect immune cells to attack tumor cells through a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) incorporating a nanobody against the target antigen. Various cancer antigens have been targeted by nanobody-based CAR-T and CAR-NK cells for treating both hematological and solid malignancies. They can also cause the continuation of immune surveillance against tumor cells by stopping inappropriate inhibition of immune checkpoints. Other roles of nanobodies in cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy include reprogramming macrophages to reduce metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as preventing the severe side effects occurring in cell-mediated immunotherapy. Here, we highlight the critical functions of various immune cells, including T cells, NK cells, and macrophages in the TME, and discuss newly developed immunotherapy methods based on the targeted manipulation of immune cells and TME with nanobodies.