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All plants require a sufficient supply of essential nutrients to reach their potential, and deficiency of any single nutrient is enough to limit yield. Supply of adequate quantities of nutrients is essential for sustainable high yield and good quality fruits over a long period. The nutritional requirements are different during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages, thus these requirements must be met as per their needs. Nutritional requirements are ascertained through soil chemical analysis, leaf analysis and loss of nutrients through crop production. Due to the effective role of macro and micronutrients in orchard productivity, nutrient management has become as important as other cultural practices in high density orchards. Nutrient management is simply based on 4R's concept i.e right source, right rate, right time and right method. The phenological period and frequency of uptake determine the application time and the quantity of nutrient to be applied. Different methods of fertilization are used in fruit production, including fertilization with mineral fertilizers (conventional type), fertigation, foliar nutrition and a range of other methods. Due to various reasons, in high density orchards priority is given to fertigation and foliar nutrition. The high effectiveness of fertigation results from the possibility of applying optimal concentrations of fertilizing solutions and a

A research experiment was conducted on two fruit bearing exotic cultivars "Carmen" and "Abate Fetel" of pear (Pyrus communis L.). The treatments included self, open and cross pollination of these two maternal parents with seven pollinizers viz., "William Bartlett", "Fertility", "Clapp's Favourite", "Chinese Sandy Pear", "Max Red Bartlett", "Kings Pear" and "Beurre de Amanalis". The design of experiment was RCBD with three replications and the number of treatment combinations were 18. Pollen source affected the fruit colour significantly, wherein the highest value of red colour based on 'a' value was recorded with the pollen of "Max Red Bartlett" in the combination 'Carmen × Max Red Bartlett' (a=25.81) whereas, it was lowest with the pollen of "Kings Pear" (a=-16.63) in the combination 'Abate Fetel × Kings Pear', fruit shape, pedicle length and number of lenticles remain unaffected with the pollenizers used, however, sensory characteristics varied significantly with the pollenizers used.

Introduction:  In early phase of irreversible pulpitis, there is normally no clinically significant sings of infections specially bacterial infections but still there are a lot of dental practitioners that prescribe antibiotics in case of irreversible pulpitis, though there is limited data evidence that the antibiotic penicillin cause reduction in percussion sensitivity and pain (Nagle, Reader, Beck, & Weaver, 2000).There is increasing trend by dental prescription regarding over use of antibiotics in treatment of orofacial and endodontic infections and the culture in these dental infections isolated those pathogens that are multi drug resistant towards commonly prescribed antibiotics (Rôças & Siqueira Jr, 2013). Setting: Sandeman Provincial Hospital and Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta. Study Duration: Duration of this study was 6 months that is from March till August 2021. Results: Majority (n=68,55.3%) of respondents were general dental practitioners followed by operative dentistry respondents (n=21,17.1%). Majority (n=54,43.9) of prescribers were having perception that analgesic should be prescribed and perform concurrent pulpectomy while (n=25, 20.3%) of prescribers had perception that in patients with irreversible pulpitis, prescribe antibiotics, analgesics and perform concurrent pulpectomy whereas majority (n= 6) of orthodontics would Immediately prescribes analgesic and schedule for RCT later.  Prescribers having experience of 1 to 10 years would prescribe analgesic and perform concurrent pulpectomy. Conclusion This study concluded that majority of dental practitioners had perception of prescribing antibiotics in irreversible pulpitis while there were still a good number of those dental prescribers that had perception of prescribing analgesics and performing concurrent Pulpectomy.

The present investigation entitled "Blooming behavior and pollen characteristics of exotic apple cultivars under High Density Planting System" was undertaken at experimental fields of Division of Fruit Science, SKUAST-Kashmir, during the year 2017. The productivity of apple in Jammu and Kashmir is 12 metric tons per hectare, when it is compared with the productivity of developed nations of the world this figure is very low and there is plenty of difference in the productivity. In order to curtail this gap, eight exotic apple cultivars introduced from Holland, of uniform age namely Mitch Gala, Elrosa, Wiltons Star, Golden Delicious Reinders, Red Delicious Camspur, Red Braeburn, Jonagold A and Jonagold DC Robijin on M9T337 rootstock, were evaluated under Kashmir conditions. Blooming behavior and pollen characteristic measurements were performed on all the cultivars. Flowering characteristics revealed that earliest blooming cultivar was Red Braeburn while as Golden Delicious Reinders was the late blooming cultivar. In case of flowering duration maximum days of 13.03 was recorded in Golden Delicious Reinders while as minimum of 10.33 days in Elrosa. Maximum pollen viability (80.80%) and pollen germination (73.38%) was recorded in cultivar Golden Delicious Reinders while as Jonagold DC Robijin recorded minimum percentage of pollen viability (50.30%) and pollen germination (34.66%).