This paper investigates whether exposure to sexually objectifying media leads to more tolerance toward sexual harassment of women in the context of a real-life scenario. Moreover, given that self-objectification reflects the internalization of gender-based inequalities, we also tested whether self-objectification was associated with greater tolerance toward sexual harassment of women. Two hundred and ten undergraduate students (112 men) were asked to watch sexually objectifying (vs. neutral) video clips before completing a questionnaire assessing tolerance toward sexual harassment. As expected, we found that watching sexually objectifying video clips led to more victim blame when evaluating a real-life scenario of sexual harassment, but it did not affect general attitudes toward sexual harassment. Moreover, trait self-objectification was associated with general attitudes toward sexual harassment of women, with more tolerance toward sexual harassment among people with high trait self-objectification. In contrast, neither exposure to sexually objectifying video clips nor trait selfobjectification affected perpetrator blame. These findings suggest that even short exposure to sexually objectifying media contributes to shifting attitudes toward sexual harassment of nonsexualized women in the real world, and they also illuminate the role of self-objectification in maintaining gender-based inequalities.

Animals and humans undergoing treatment with ciclosporin (CS) show a reversible increase in renal vascular resistance and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate. The causes of these abnormalities have not yet been established. We evaluated the effects of a 1-week treatment with CS on creatinine clearance, renal arachidonic acid metabolites, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone levels, urinary excretion and plasma levels of catecholamines in 7 patients with idiopathic uveitis. We show that CS treatment induces a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in creatinine clearance (from 132 ± 0.5 to 108 ± 8 ml/min); urinary 6-keto-PGF₁ excretion (from 17.8 ± 4.9 to 10.9 ± 3.3 ng/mmol creatinine), urinary thromboxane B₂ excretion (from 7.0 ± 1.0 to 3.6 ± 0.9 ng/mmol creatinine), upright PRA (from 4.2 ± 0.9 to 2.3 ± 0.8) and supine PRA (from 2.0 ± 0.5 to 1.1 ± 0.3). We found no change in plasma aldosterone levels and plasma levels and urinary excretion of catecholamines. We suggest that the reversible renal vasoconstriction observed in patients treated with CS may be induced by inhibition of renal prostacyclin synthesis. In this setting inhibition of PRA and angiotensin II formation may impair autoregulation of effective filtration pressure and therefore glomerular filtration rate.

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