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Glaucoma is a common optic neuropathy that can lead to irreversible vision loss, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only known modifiable risk factor. The primary method of treating glaucoma involves lowering IOP using medications, laser and/or invasive surgery. Currently, we rely on in-office measurements of IOP to assess diurnal variation and to define successful management of disease. These measurements only convey a fraction of a patient’s circadian IOP pattern and may frequently miss peak IOP levels. There is an unmet need for a reliable and accurate device for 24-h IOP monitoring. The 24-h IOP monitoring devices that are currently available and in development fall into three main categories: self-monitoring, temporary continuous monitoring, and permanent continuous monitoring. This article is a systematic review of current and future technologies for measuring IOP over a 24-h period.

A 36-year-old female individual with a confirmed diagnosis of Monkeypox, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, presented to the hospital for an ophthalmic evaluation of left-eye redness and discomfort corresponding to a bulbar conjuntival lesion.The results of the ophthalmic examination were grossly unremarkable except for sectoral hyperemia of a fluorescein-staining subconjunctival nodule (Figure , A) on the left eye and an adjacent left upper eyelid umbilicated nodule with central crusting (Figure , B). The hyperemic lesion did not blanch with administration of topical phenylephrine. The patient was treated with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and reevaluated the following day, which was significant for interval improvement (Figure , B). The immunologic workup was grossly negative to date. Although little is known of the ocular manifestations of monkeypox, studies have shown that ocular surface pathology includes conjunctivitis, blepharitis, keratitis, corneal ulceration, and eyelid scarring. Of note, one patient developed corneal opacification requiring corneal transplant in one case. [1][2][3][4] Our case study proposes that hyperemic, subconjunctival nodules are a clinical finding in patients with active monkeypox that can be treated with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications.

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Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Diagnosis and monitoring of disease involves integrating information from the clinical examination with subjective data from visual field testing and objective biometric data that includes pachymetry, corneal hysteresis, and optic nerve and retinal imaging. This intricate process is further complicated by the lack of clear definitions for the presence and progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy, which makes it vulnerable to clinician interpretation error. Artificial intelligence (AI) and AIenabled workflows have been proposed as a plausible solution. Applications derived from this field of computer science can improve the quality and robustness of insights obtained from clinical data that can enhance the clinician's approach to patient care. This review clarifies key terms and concepts used in AI literature, discusses the current advances of AI in glaucoma, elucidates the clinical advantages and challenges to implementing this technology, and highlights potential future applications.