Introduction Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) presently estimated at 54% population, commonly cause of myelopathy due to chronic compression of the spinal cord in older people. Physiological injuries caused by static and dynamic forces including compressed, pinched, and pulled out inducing secondary injuries at the molecular level. Methods We examined the rabbit model approach with the clinical case of spondylotic myelopathy, in which the disk and facet maintained the cervical spine mobility, and compression was given 0.5 mm per week three times in this model. In this study, a group of 14 days was made (early into the chronic phase) and the 21 day group had a chronic process for 1 week, that period can be categorized as a chronic process and CSM is a chronic process. By examining motor scores, histological examination and immunohistochemistry of the spinal cord, this model efficiently produces myelopathy. The distribution of microglia expressing GFAP, S100-β, and Neurofilaments were observed by immunohistochemical techniques. Results There was a significant difference in the number of cells expressing GFAP between the control group and the 21-day compression group (p = 0.001). There is a decrease in S100-β expression of spinal cord tissue after receiving compression exposure. There was a significant difference in the number of cells expressing NF between the control group, the 14-day compression group (p = 0.04) and 21-day compression group (p = 0.04). Discussion Neurons have the intrinsic ability to regenerate after injury, although not spontaneously. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy causes permanent neurological disorders, partly due to glial scar formation consisting of astrocytes and microglia. The difference between our study and previous research methods is that we perform compression of the spinal cord in stages (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm & 1.5 mm) so that it is more like the natural occurrence of chronic spinal cord compression. Conclusion An increasing of GFAP value in this study indicates the presence of astrocyte activity which can be associated with chronic spinal cord injury. There is a decrease in S100-β expression of spinal cord tissue neuron cells after receiving compression exposure. The expression of NF decreased indicating degenerative axons.

Introduction Cervical spondylosis myelopathy (CSM) is a clinical syndrome of motoric or sensoric, caused by degenerative process chronically causing narrowing of cervical canal and compressing the spinal cord. The narrowing of canalis spinalis causing chronic compression and disrupting vascular patency in spinal cord. This is worsened on repetitive trauma on flexion, extension and rotation. CSM has an incidence of 4.04 in 100.000 cases per year and the total patients undergoing treatment operative or nonoperatively in year increasing for 7 times. Apoptosis plays a critical role in important biological processes such as morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis, and immunity; furthermore, its aberrant activation or impairment may contribute to a number of diseases. The understanding of CSM pathophysiology from apoptotic pathway is an essential topic to discussed and the treatment of this case in future. Method This study uses experimental study with Post test Only Control Group, using New Zealand rabbits. The rabbits given the compression on cervical as high as C5 to induce CSM. The tissue was taken from spinal cord on compression area and histopathology examination was done to calculate apoptotic factor expression such as AIF and caspase-3. Result Chronic compression on spinal cord causing myelopathy clinically on animal study, resulted in weakness of all extremities. Based on this study, the expression of AIF and caspase-3 is increasing in compression group in day 14 to day 21. Conclusion Chronic compression in spinal cord causing increase in AIF and caspase-3 in day 14 and day 21, and this may be caused by increasing of apoptotic expression on animal study.

Introduction Cervical spondylosis is the most common cause of myelopathy in the cervical due to chronic compression of the spinal cord in patients aged 55 years or older. Recent studies suggest that olive extracts suppress inflammation and reduce stress oxidative injury. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential neuroprotective effects of olive leaf extract (OLE) in an experimental cervical spondylotic myelopathy model. Methods This study was divided into 6 groups; Control Negative (Sham-Operated) Group, Control Positive 1 & 2 (early chronic and chronic), Treatment Groups 1, 2 & 3 (prophylactic, concomitant & late). Olive leaf extract (OLE) give 350 mg/kg BW and spinal cord sample was taken at the compression level C5. Histopathological assessment and immunohistochemistry of Amyloid-β, p-Tau, TDP-43 dan CD-68 dan evaluation of functional motoric outcome was done before animals were terminated. Results Chronic spinal cord compression increased the expression of Amyloid-β, p-Tau, TDP-43 dan CD-68. OLE 350 mg/kg BW decreased the expression of these biomarkers and increased functional motoric outcome, especially as prophylactic dan concomitant treatment. Discussion These findings indicate that OLE may be effective in protecting cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

The cases of nine patients with unicameral bone cysts were reviewed from two orthopaedic centres. In one hospital, five patients received serial steroid injections, and at the other hospital four patients were treated conservatively following fractures. In the steroid injection group, three cases were in the proximal femur and two in the proximal humerus. The five steroid injection patients showed radiological evidence of cyst healing within six months of treatment. Subsequently four of the patients showed a satisfactory radiological outcome after a year and complete resolution after 2 years. In the conservative group, all four cases were in the proximal humerus. Persistent cystic lesions were observed in all four patients and two was complicated by another fracture within six months.

Abstract Introduction: Intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors are benign neoplasms arising in the spinal canal about two-thirds of primary spinal tumors and 15% of tumors affecting the Central Nervous System. Spinal en-plaque meningioma is a type that grows in a sheet-like or collar-like, and incidence in the literature only ranging from 0.1% to 3.1%. Pain is the most clinical symptom, weakness and sensory changes also occur frequently. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the standard modality for the radiologic diagnosis of meningioma. Case Report: A patient, 35 years old man with a diagnosis of intradural extramedullary spinal meningioma (IDEM) en-plaque with calcification, confirmed by the symptoms, workups such as spinal MRI, and intra-operative findings. The patient was successfully treated surgically with laminectomy and total tumor resection with a posterior approach. Discussion: Spinal en-plaque meningioma is a type that grows in a sheet-like or collar-like manner around the spinal cord can involve dura extensively with significant neurological deficits. Patient was with lower limb weakness, and had a history of back pain radiating to the right limb for the last 1 year.  Spinal meningiomas are primarily found in the Intradural Extramedullary, and the tumor diagnosis is typically fairly straight forward based on radiologic findings. Meningiomas are most commonly found in the thoracic region of the spine.  In this case from MRI Imaging was revealed a mass in  thoracic region of the spine pressing the spinal cord anteriorly. The management of spinal en-plaque meningioma is tumor resection surgery. A retrospective study suggested a significant improvement in neurological deficit post-tumor resection on patients with spinal IDEM tumor. Conclusion: Spinal meningioma is a reasonably frequently found case of a spinal tumor but spinal en-plaque meningiomas are rarely found. MRI scan is the radiological  gold standar diagnose spinal en-plaque meningiomas. Patient was successfully treated by total tumor resection using the laminectomy method and tumor resection with a posterior approach without any postoperative complications observed.