Antifungal drugs prevent topical or invasive fungal infections (mycoses) either by stopping growth of fungi (termed fungistatic) or by killing the fungal cells (termed fungicidal). Antibiotics also prevent bacterial infections through either bacteriostatic or bactericidal mechanisms. These microorganisms successfully develop resistance against conventional drugs that are designed to kill or stop them from multiplying. When a fungus no longer responds to antifungal drug treatments and continues to grow, this is known as antifungal drug resistance. Bacteria have an amazing capacity to become resistant to antibiotic action as well, and the effectiveness of the scarce antifungal arsenal is jeopardised by this antibiotic resistance, which poses a severe threat to public health.

3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving technique that has been found to have extensive applications in disease research, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. 3D bioprinting might be a solution to global organ shortages and the growing aversion to testing cell patterning for novel tissue fabrication and building superior disease models. It has the unrivaled capability of layer-by-layer deposition using different types of biomaterials, stem cells, and biomolecules with a perfectly regulated spatial distribution. The tissue regeneration of hollow organs has always been a challenge for medical science because of the complexities of their cell structures. In this mini review, we will address the status of the science behind tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting of epithelialized tubular hollow organs. This review will also cover the current challenges and prospects, as well as the application of these complicated 3D-printed organs. Graphical abstract

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Our primary goal of this work was to create and test a mucoadhesive lyophilized rapid dissolving sublingual wafer of Alprazolam using a natural mucoadhesive agent extracted from black gram (Vigna mungo L.) seeds. We examined the pH, swelling volume, moisture absorption capability, mucoadhesive strength, and viscosity of the natural mucoadhesive agent. We compared it with synthetic mucoadhesive agents such as Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and Carbopol 934 (CP 934). The prepared wafers of both categories were characterized and compared for mechanical and texture properties, wetting time, disintegration time, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), in vitro drug release, and ex vivo permeation study. We found that the pH of V. mungo mucilage (VMM) was 6.95±0.75, which lies between the normal sublingual mucosal range (pH 6-7), suggesting non-irritability to the mucosa. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) peak showed no significant interaction between Alprazolam and mucoadhesive materials. The micrographs of SEM predicted good porosity of the wafer which leads to rapid wetting, disintegration, and dissolution. It is inferred from the study that the fast-dissolving wafer prepared from the VMM gave a better result than the HPC wafer in respect of various parameters. Hence, this study discovered an alternative method to deliver Alprazolam. Keywords: Lyophilization, Permeability, Solid dosage form(s), Mucoadhesive, Texture

We evaluated the antiproliferative and immunostimulant activity of Trichosanthes dioica leaves (TDLE) on breast carcinoma cell lines (MDA-MB231 and MCF-7). The extract significantly inhibited cell viability in a time and concentration dependent manner in both the cell lines. Morphological study showed several signs of apoptosis and degraded DNA bands in carcinoma cells than control. We further elaborated the immunomodulatory effects of TDLE on RAW264.7 cell line. TDLE treated cells increases NO production. But when stimulated with rIFN-γ it showed marked enhancement in NO production. TDLE treated cells when pretreated with PDTC and NGMMA to the rIFN-γ ameliorated NO production as compared to the primed cells. TDLE acted as an accelerator in the activation of RAW264.7 cells by rIFN-γ via a process involving L-arginine-dependent NO production and elevated NO production via activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that TDLE can be a potential anti-carcinoma therapeutic agent along with immunomodulatory activity.