F rom ancient times, standing sculptures in Japan and elsewhere were made of materials such as clay, stone, wood, or metal. Materials were formed, modeled, modified, cut, and reshaped using processes appropriate for them, and the forms and textures of sculptures made from the materials did not change except by abrasion or surface corrosion. The invention of photography changed this world of unchanging art. Modern materials and electric and machine technology came to be used in artworks and inspired kinetic art such as that by Naum Gabo and László Moholy-Nagy was created. Since then, numerous artists, designers, and architects have created moving, kinetic works.Since the introduction of the computer (for example, in cybernetic art proposed by Nicolas Shöffer), a number of artworks have been produced by processing external

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