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The present study aim to investigate the causes and characteristics of ambiguous genitalia in newborn who were referred to cytogenetic laboratory. Cytogenetic analysis was performed for each case. All cases were analyzed by chromosomal study using GTG karyotype. All patients after cytogenetic analysis revealed 46, XX and 46, XY Karyotype. One individual carry a Y chromosome but phenotypically female and one case have a female karyotype but are phenotypically male. The cytogenetic analysis of children with suspected chromosomal aberrations is important to uncover the contribution of chromosomal disorder in genesis of sexual ambiguity and congenital malformation in children and prevent further potentially unpleasant investigation being undertaken

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic life‐limiting disease of gastrointestinal tract characterized by widespread enteric inflammation. IBD is a multifactorial disease, and different environmental, microbial, and immune‐related factors give rise to the development of disease. Among several factors, the preponderance of pro‐inflammatory T helper 17 cells over the anti‐inflammatory regulatory T cells augments inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Prevailing evidence accentuates that PI3K signaling pathway plays a central role in the pathophysiology of the condition by regulating the inflammatory process in the gut mucosa. By recognizing the implications of PI3K in the pathogenesis of IBD, agents that could modulate this pathway have recently been at the focus of research, yielding encouraging results mainly in the experimental IBD models. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances, which may hold the keys to identify novel therapeutic strategies for IBD.

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