Objectives: To see the detrimental effects of arsenic kushta (kushta-e-Sammulfur) induced toxicity in wistar rats. Study Design: Experimental Study. Setting: Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Period: 02nd June 2016 to 30th September 2016. Material & Methods: This experimental study was conducted on a total of 48 wistar rats, each weighing approximately, 200-300grams. These rats were then randomly divided into four groups each of them comprising of 12 rats. Group I was taken as a control group which was given flour pellets. Group II was given a single dose of 180 mg/kg of arsenic kushta for 2 weeks, whereas Groups III was given 150 mg/kg of arsenic kushta only for 12 weeks and Group IV was also given dose of 150 mg/kg of arsenic kushta along with 75mg of Bovine Serum Albumin for 12 weeks. Histopathological changes were then seen in the germinal epithelium, stages of spermatogenesis and insterstitium of testes of rats. Results: Changes in germinal epithelium, stages of spermatogenesis and interstitium were seen in all the above groups except group 1 which was the control group. Maximum changes were seen in groups C and D which were given high doses of arsenic kushta along with injection of bovine serum albumin. Conclusion: Arsenic kushta preparation of kushta-e-Summulfur causes testicular toxicity in wistar rats and have similar toxic effects in human beings.

Objectives: To study the clinical features of adenomyosis in hysterectomy specimens which have been proved on histopathology. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College & its Allied Institutes. Period: Jan 2018 to December 2019. Material & Methods: A total specimen of 105 was included in the study and the medical records were examined retrospectively. SPSS v.23.0 was used for data collection and analysis. Results: A total of 105 specimens were included in study. Menorrhagia (55.2%) was most common presenting symptom, most of the patients were multiparous (96.2%) & Dysfunctional uterine bleeding was most common clinical diagnosis (60.0%). Statistical significance was found between different age groups, presenting symptoms & clinical diagnosis. Conclusion: Menorrhagia is most common presenting symptom of adenomyosis, and clinical diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding was most common. So adenomyosis remain under diagnosed clinical condition.

Objective: To observe hepatic changes induced by Gold Kushta. In our study the histopathological effects of Gold Kushta was seen in livers of Wistar rats. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal. Period: 1st July 2019 to 31st Dec 2019. Material & Method: Total of 28 wistar rats of 6 – 8 weeks of age and weighing 200 – 250 grams which were then randomly divided into 4 groups each containing 7 rats. The groups were labelled as G I, II, III and IV. These groups were given preparations of gold in the form of kushta for a period of 8 weeks. The gold kushta was given in the form of pellets. Group I was taken as Control, G II was given single dose kushta 0.15 mg and G III was given double dose kushta 0.3mg on alternate days. Group IV was given a single dose of BSA (bovine serum albumin) 75mg (250mg/kg body wt) at the start of experiment and Gold kushta 0.3 mg on alternate days. Histopathological changes were then seen in lobules, sinusoids, kupffer cells and central veins of livers of wistar rats. Results: The histological examination of liver showed sinusoidal congestion and central vein congestion, apoptosis, necrosis and hydropic degeneration as common features. In addition fatty degeneration, inflammation and kupffer cell hyperplasia were also seen in few cases. These changes were observed in all the above groups except group G I serving as control. More changes were seen in high dose groups and the groups given BSA inj. (Group II, III and IV). Conclusion: Thus, indigenous preparations of gold kushta have detrimental effects over livers of wistar rats and are thus hepatotoxic.

Objectives: To assess the association of maternal and neonatal complications from COVID-19 severity. Study Design: Case-series. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Peshawar Pakistan. Period: June 2020 to Dec 2020. Material & Methods: 50 pregnant patients with COVID-19 were included. Clinical information on COVID-19 exposures and information on maternal and neonatal complications were noted through a pre-designed proforma. The Kendall’s tau (τ) test was applied between maternal complications and neonatal complications, COVID-19 severity (in mothers) & maternal/neonatal complications. Results: More women (52%) were asymptomatic in COVID-19 exposure. Mild symptoms with no shortness of breath were reported in 44% of women, whereas only 4% required ventilator support. 80% of women were in postpartum when they turned COVID-19 negative. In the majority (72%) of women, no maternal complications were noted. In 14% of them, oligohydramnios was reported. Preterm labor and PROM/PPROM were reported in 6% of mothers. Preterm birth was reported 10%, fetal, the APGAR score was 7-9 out of 10. In the majority of neonates (94%), no early death was reported. 42% of distress/meconium was 8%, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was 6%, and stillbirth was 5%. In 82% of neonates were COVID-19 negative on PCR. A strong correlation existed between maternal complications and neonatal complications. However, a weak correlation was observed between COVID-19 severity (in mothers) and maternal & neonatal complications. Conclusion: Although maternal and neonatal complications were strongly linked to each other, these complications had a weak association with the presence of COVID-19.

Objectives: Few centers adopt a selective approach in sending these specimens to pathology department for histopathology whereas it is a routine procedure in our setup. In our study, few unexpected cases of adenocarcinoma of gall bladder were seen during investigation of results of pathological examination of gall bladder specimens. Study Design: A retrospective histopathological analysis of gall bladder specimens removed during elective cholecystectomy for benign diseases was done. Setting: Department of Pathology, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College/Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Period: 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018. Material & Methods: The demographic properties of the patients were evaluated from the past records and their association was seen with the histopathological diagnosis and frequency of unexpected cases of gall bladder carcinoma. Results: Total of 840 cases were reviewed with mean age of the patient 42.48±14.8 years. The most frequent diagnosis was chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis (n=806) which was associated with upper abdominal pain (p<0.01). It was more prevalent among females sex (n=742). Six patients (0.7%) showed evidence of adenocarcinoma of gall bladder which had no gross abnormality on macroscopic examination. Conclusion: It is very significant to do routine histopathological examination of all the gall bladder specimens removed for benign diseases during elective cholecytectomies which incidentally may also be associated with carcinoma gall bladder and may require further surgical intervention.